14 April 2025 : Daily Answer Writing
Q1) What is Coral Bleaching and what are its main causes? Also, evaluate the role of marine protected areas (MPAs) in the conservation of coral reefs. (10 marks, 150 words)
ANSWER
Coral bleaching is a phenomenon where coral polyps expel the symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) living in their tissues due to environmental stress, primarily rising sea temperatures. This causes corals to turn white (“bleached”) and become more vulnerable to disease and death.
Main causes of coral bleaching include:
- Climate change – Elevated sea temperatures due to global warming are the leading cause.
- Ocean acidification – Increased CO₂ levels reduce the ability of corals to build skeletons.
- Pollution and runoff – Agricultural and urban runoff degrades water quality and increases algal blooms.
- Excess light and UV radiation – Especially during heat stress, this further harms coral tissues.
- Low tides and exposure – Shallow corals may bleach when exposed during extreme low tides.
- Mass bleaching events – Triggered by events like El Niño, affecting reefs globally.
Role of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
MPAs are designated zones aimed at conserving marine biodiversity by limiting harmful human activities. Their role in coral reef conservation includes:
- Reducing anthropogenic stressors such as overfishing, pollution, and physical damage. Example: Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary restricts fishing and anchoring.
- Preserving biodiversity by protecting critical habitats, enhancing reef resilience. Example: Chagos MPA conserves numerous coral species and endangered marine life.
- Facilitating scientific research and monitoring to track reef health and formulate conservation strategies. Example: Palmyra Atoll serves as a research hub for coral ecology.
- Raising awareness among local communities and tourists, promoting sustainable practices.
Conclusion
While MPAs are effective in protecting coral reefs from local stressors, addressing global threats like climate change and ocean acidification remains critical. Integrated conservation strategies with international cooperation and local engagement are essential for long-term reef survival.
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