24 April 2025 : Daily Answer Writing
Q1) What are the primary drivers of freshwater scarcity in megacities like Bangalore and Hyderabad? Suggest comprehensive solutions that address both supply and demand aspects of urban water management. (15 marks, 250 words)
ANSWER
India, home to 18% of the global population but with only 4% of its freshwater resources, faces a looming water crisis, particularly in its megacities. By 2030, per capita water availability may reduce by half, pushing India from a water-stressed to a water-scarce nation. This situation calls for urgent and integrated management of urban water resources.
Primary Drivers of Water Scarcity:
- Unplanned Urbanization: Cities expand without planning, encroaching on natural catchments.
- Population Growth: Rising population and lifestyle changes (like water parks) drive demand.
- Overexploitation of Groundwater: Unregulated borewells deplete aquifers.
- Climate Change: Altered rainfall patterns and extreme weather events affect recharge.
- Pollution of Water Sources: Industrial effluents and sewage degrade water quality.
- Weak Infrastructure & Governance: Poor investment in supply networks and regulatory gaps.
Reducing Demand:
- Rainwater Harvesting: Encouraged via subsidies; seen in Singapore’s ABC Waters Program.
- Greywater Reuse: Treated for irrigation and flushing; widely practiced in California.
- Water Conservation: Fixing leaks, efficient appliances, public awareness (Melbourne model).
- Desalination: Used by cities like Perth to convert seawater to potable water.
Improving Supply:
- Wastewater Treatment: Reuse treated sewage (as done in Chennai).
- Integrated Water Management: Like Thames Water’s IWRP in London for sustainable use.
- Lake Revitalisation: Restoration efforts in Bengaluru improve urban storage capacity.
Conclusion:
The urban water crisis is not just a developmental challenge but a constitutional concern under Article 21. Sustainable water use, decentralised infrastructure, and active public participation are key to safeguarding this precious resource. India’s future depends on how wisely and equitably we manage water today.
Read More – 23 April 2025 : Daily Answer Writing
