Art and Culture

1. 40-million-year-old whale fossil stolen

Context

●  A 40-million-year-old whale ancestor fossil was stolen from Meghalaya, prompting police investigation and concerns over its preservation.

Analysis of the news:

• The fossil is believed to be around 40 million years old and belongs to an ancestor of modern whales.
• It was discovered in a cave in Tolegre village, located in Meghalaya’s South Garo Hills district.
• The fossil is thought to belong to either Rodhocetus or Ambulocetus, both genera of Palaeogene whales.
• The discovery was announced in February 2024 by three speleologists from Core Geo Expeditions.
• It represents an important palaeontological find, shedding light on the evolution of whales.
• The Meghalaya government aims to protect and study the fossil with Geological Survey of India (GSI) specialists.
• The fossil was stolen in January 2024, leading to a police investigation.

2. Guardians of ‘green gold’

Context

● The news highlights a bamboo variety named Konda Veduru and its importance to tribal communities of Andhra Pradesh.

 Introduction

• Konda Veduru is a species of bamboo particularly found in the Godavari Valley of Andhra Pradesh.
• It is widely used by the Konda Reddi and Koya tribes for food, livelihood, and commercial purposes.

Why is it called green gold?

• Konda Veduru is called “green gold” due to its fast growth, high economic value, and multiple uses in construction, handicrafts, and paper production.
• Its eco-friendly nature and sustainability enhance its importance.

Habitat and Distribution

• Found in hill plains and forests, especially in the Godavari Valley.
• Covers over 53% of India’s total bamboo area (about 25 lakh hectares in Andhra Pradesh).

Culinary Significance

• A staple food of Konda Reddi tribes.
• Used in making Kommu Koora, a dish with bamboo shoots, cereals, and meat.
• Must be boiled before consumption to remove toxins.

Economic and Cultural Importance

• Used in tobacco curing and sold in tribal markets.
• A vital livelihood source for Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).

3. Ramakrishna Paramahamsa

Context

● On 18 February 2025, we will observe the 139th anniversary of the passing of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa (1886).

 

About Ramakrishna Paramahamsa:

• Birth Name and Year: Ramakrishna Paramahamsa was born as Gadadhar Chattopadhyay in 1836.
• Role of Bhairavi Brahmani: Bhairavi Brahmani was a spiritual teacher who guided Ramakrishna in his spiritual practices and played a significant role in his spiritual awakening.
• Wife and Spiritual Consort: His wife and spiritual consort was Sarada Devi, who was 17 years younger than him.
• Famous Disciple: Narendranath Dutta, better known as Swami Vivekananda, was one of Ramakrishna’s most famous disciples.
• Temple of Service: Ramakrishna began his career as a priest at the Dakshineswar Kali Temple in Kolkata.
• Ramakrishna Math’s Emblem: The emblem symbolizes unity of all religions, highlighting the oneness of God in various faiths.
• Affliction Leading to Demise: Ramakrishna passed away due to throat cancer in 1886.

4. The Ancient Tea Horse Road

Context

●  China’s Ambassador to India highlighted the historical significance of the Ancient Tea Horse Road, which connected China to India via Tibet, facilitating trade and cultural exchanges.

 

Analysis of the news:

A Historical Analysis

• The Tea Horse Road, an ancient trade network connecting China to India via Tibet, played a significant role in fostering economic and cultural exchanges between the regions.
• Despite being overshadowed by the more famous Silk Road, this route contributed immensely to trade, diplomacy, and cultural interactions over centuries.

Origin and Historical Significance

• The origins of the Tea Horse Road trace back to the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE).
• Historical accounts, including those by the Buddhist monk Yijing, highlight the movement of goods such as sugar, textiles, and rice noodles from China to Tibet and India, while horses, leather, and medicinal herbs were transported to China.
• Over time, the trade became heavily focused on tea and horses, essential commodities due to Tibet’s harsh climate and China’s military needs.

Geographical Scope and Challenges

• Unlike a single defined path, the Tea Horse Road was a complex network of routes originating in southwest China, passing through cities like Dali and Lijiang in Yunnan, reaching Lhasa in Tibet, and branching into present-day India, Nepal, and Bangladesh.
• The journey was arduous, traversing treacherous terrain and elevations as high as 10,000 feet, making it one of the most challenging trade routes in the world.

Economic and Cultural Impact

• Tea Trade: Tea became a staple among Tibetan nomads due to its nutritional value and ability to provide warmth in cold climates. The demand led to the creation of “tea bricks,” which were used as currency in medieval Tibet.
• Horse Trade: Horses were critical for China’s military campaigns and transportation needs. The lack of local horse breeds in China’s central plains made Tibet and Yunnan essential suppliers, giving rise to the complementary tea-for-horses trade system.

Role in Modern History

• During the early 20th century, domestic unrest and foreign interventions in China reinvigorated trade along the route.
• The Tea Horse Road also played a crucial logistical role during World War II, helping transport supplies inland when Japanese forces dominated China’s coastal regions.
• However, after the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 and subsequent land reforms, the route gradually declined in economic significance.

Contemporary Relevance and Tourism

• In recent decades, China has revived interest in the Tea Horse Road, primarily through tourism.
• Cities like Lijiang have gained recognition as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, highlighting their historical role in regional trade.
• The route now serves as a cultural and historical attraction, reflecting the shared heritage between China, Tibet, and India.

5. Jhumur Dance

Context

Prime Minister Narendra Modi attended the largest-ever Jhumur dance performance, featuring 8,600 dancers at Guwahati’s Sarusajai Stadium. This event, part of Jhumoir Binandini 2025, commemorated the 200th anniversary of Assam’s tea industry and coincided with the Advantage Assam 2.0 summit. Over 60 heads of missions and ambassadors witnessed this cultural spectacle.

 

Analysis of the news:

The Tea Garden Community in Assam

• The tea tribe community in Assam comprises descendants of workers brought from Central India, primarily Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and West Bengal, during the 19th century under British rule.
• Often subjected to harsh working conditions and exploitation, these migrants faced significant hardships, including high mortality rates due to diseases and brutal punishments for attempting to escape.
• Today, they are concentrated in Upper Assam districts like Tinsukia, Dibrugarh, and Sivasagar, as well as the Barak Valley.
• Although classified under the Other Backward Classes (OBC) category in Assam, they continue to demand Scheduled Tribe (ST) status, highlighting their ongoing socio-economic marginalization despite their crucial role in Assam’s tea economy.

Understanding the Jhumur Dance

• Jhumur is a vibrant folk dance that reflects the cultural identity of Assam’s tea garden community, particularly the Sadan ethnolinguistic group from the Chotanagpur region.
• Central to tea garden festivals like Tushu Puja and Karam Puja, it symbolizes both celebration and resilience.
• Women predominantly perform the dance, adorned in red and white sarees, while men accompany them with instruments such as the madal, dhol, and shehnai.
• The dancers form shoulder-to-shoulder lines, performing synchronized steps to upbeat tunes.

Cultural Significance and Socio-Historical Narratives

• While Jhumur’s melodies are lively, the lyrics often narrate the grim realities of migration, exploitation, and socio-economic challenges faced by the tea workers.
• These songs serve as an oral history of their struggles and a form of social cohesion.
• Jhumur thus plays a dual role: preserving cultural heritage and articulating the collective memory of a marginalized community.
• It has evolved linguistically in Assam, blending Nagpuri, Khortha, and Kurmali languages with Assamese influences.

 

6. Archaeologists find Stonehenge-like circle

Context

● Danish archaeologists discovered a 2000 BC wooden circle, possibly linked to Britain’s Stonehenge, in Aars.

 

Analysis of the news:

• Danish archaeologists discovered an ancient wooden circle in Aars, Denmark, which may be linked to Stonehenge.
• The structure consists of 45 wooden piles arranged in a 30-meter diameter circle, spaced two meters apart.
• It is estimated to date back to around 2000 BC, but further analysis is underway to confirm its age and purpose.
• Similar timber circles used for sun worship have been found on the Danish island of Bornholm.
• Excavations also revealed an early Bronze Age settlement with a chieftain’s grave and a bronze sword.
• Archaeologists are investigating possible cultural links between Denmark and the builders of Stonehenge.

 

Stonehenge, England

● Location: Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in Wiltshire, England. ● Construction Period: Built between 3100 BC and 1600 BC in multiple phases. ● Structure: Consists of two concentric circles of massive standing stones, some weighing up to 25 tons. ● Purpose: Believed to be a ceremonial site, burial ground, and astronomical observatory. ● Bluestones Origin: Some stones were transported from Wales, over 200 km away. ● Astronomical Alignment: Aligned with the summer and winter solstices. ● UNESCO Status: Recognized as a World Heritage Site in 1986.

 

1. sexual equality must be part of syllabus: SC

Context

● The Supreme Court has urged the government to include gender equality, moral values, and respectful behavior towards women in school education.

 

Supreme Court Emphasizes Gender Equality Education in Schools

• The court stressed that early moral training is essential to change societal attitudes.
• A judge noted that many schools either do not have moral education classes or cancel them for other subjects.

Gender Equality Must Start at Home

• The court highlighted that discrimination begins within families.
• Parents often focus on restraining their daughters rather than educating their sons about respectful behavior.
• The concept of gender discrimination must be eliminated from society to ensure equality.

Lack of Basic Education on Gender Equality

• A petitioner argued that the increase in crimes against women is due to the lack of gender equality education at an early stage.
• The petitioner emphasized that 50% of the population, consisting of women, live in constant insecurity due to increasing crimes.
• The court agreed that education is the key to changing attitudes towards women in society.

Women’s Independence and Social Awareness

• The court observed that many communities still believe that a woman neither belongs to her parents’ home nor her in-laws’ home after marriage.
• It stressed the need to recognize that a woman is an independent individual who deserves equal respect and rights.
• Awareness about women’s autonomy and their equal role in society must be taught from an early age.

Legal Awareness and the Role of Media

• The petitioner suggested that awareness about stringent laws against crimes like rape must be promoted in media and public spaces.
• It was argued that people often realize the seriousness of these laws only after facing severe punishments.
• Public awareness campaigns in cinema halls and media platforms can help spread knowledge about strict legal consequences for crimes against women.

Need for Systematic Educational Reform

• The court noted that environmental science was introduced in schools following a Supreme Court order and suggested a similar approach for moral education.
• The government has been asked to submit a report on steps taken to include gender equality in the school syllabus.
• The petition emphasized that reactive measures, such as increasing punishments after a crime, are not enough.
• Instead, proactive education and awareness are necessary to change the male mindset and instill respect for women.

Bridging the Gap Between Law and Society

• The petition highlighted the gap between legal provisions and societal attitudes.
• Identifying the root cause of gender-based crimes is crucial for effective solutions.
• The goal is to educate young minds, instill fear of law among potential offenders, and promote long-term gender equality.

Gender Equality In India:

Need for Gender Equality Education in Schools ● Early Awareness: Teaching children about respect and equality from a young age helps shape their mindset. ● Preventing Crimes: Educating boys about proper behavior towards women can reduce gender-based violence. ● Breaking Stereotypes: Helps eliminate gender discrimination that starts at home and extends to society. ● Legal Awareness: Ensures people understand laws against crimes like harassment and rape. ● Women’s Safety: Promotes a safer environment by fostering respectful attitudes. ● Long-Term Social Change: Creates a generation that values gender equality. ● Government Responsibility: Authorities must ensure policies supporting gender education are implemented effectively. Challenges in Implementing Gender Equality Education ● Lack of Priority: Moral education is often ignored in favor of academic subjects. ● Parental Influence: Deep-rooted biases at home may hinder positive change. ●  Resistance to Change: Some sections of society oppose discussions on gender roles and equality. ● Limited Awareness: Teachers may not be adequately trained to handle gender-sensitive topics. ● Policy Gaps: No mandatory nationwide curriculum for moral education exists. ● Resource Constraints: Schools, especially in rural areas, may lack the funds to implement such programs. ● Media Influence: Negative portrayals of gender roles in media can counteract educational efforts.

 

Geography

1. A Arunachal loses 110 glaciers in 32 years

Context

●  A new study reveals that 110 glaciers in the eastern Himalayas of Arunachal Pradesh have vanished in 32 years (1988-2020).

 

Analysis of the news:

• The glaciers lost covered an area of 309.85 sq. km, retreating at a rate of 16.94 sq. km per year.
• The melting glaciers exposed bedrock and led to the formation of glacial lakes, increasing the risk of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs).
• This retreat is a significant indicator of global climate change.
• The study used remote sensing and GIS to track the glaciers, covering several districts from Tawang to Lohit in Arunachal Pradesh.
• The region is warming faster than the global average, with temperatures rising at 0.1°–0.8°C per decade.

Important glaciers in this region:

Bichom Glacier: ●  Located on the India-China border in the eastern Himalayas. ● Plays a key role in the region’s hydrology, feeding nearby rivers. ● Facing threats due to climate change, contributing to glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). Kangto Glacier: ●  Situated in the eastern Himalayas, near the Yarlung Tsangpo River. ● The Yarlung Tsangpo River, which flows into Tibet, originates from this glacier. ● A crucial water source for the surrounding region, endangered by warming temperatures. Mazgol Glacier: ● Located in the eastern Himalayan region of Arunachal Pradesh. ● Plays a significant role in the freshwater supply for local communities. ● Rapid melting is a concern, impacting the region’s water resources and ecosystem. Tawang Glacier: ● Located in the Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh. ● Supplies water to the Tawang River, which supports local agriculture and communities. Pangi Glacier: ● Situated in the Upper Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh. ● Contributes to the river systems that flow into the Brahmaputra. ● It is retreating, resulting in concerns for water flow stability and potential GLOF events.

 

2. Rising Temperature at the North Pole

Context

● Temperatures at the North Pole soared more than 20°C above average, surpassing the melting threshold for ice. Scientists have classified this as an extreme winter warming event, although not the most severe ever recorded.

 

Analysis of the news:         

Implications of Rapid Arctic Warming

• Since 1979, the Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the global average.
• This is alarming because the Arctic acts as Earth’s cooling system, regulating global temperatures.
• Continued warming in this region could accelerate sea-level rise and disrupt weather patterns worldwide, leading to severe climate consequences.

Causes of the Temperature Spike

• The primary driver of this unusual warming was a deep low-pressure system over Iceland, which funneled warm air from lower latitudes into the Arctic.
• Additionally, unusually high sea surface temperatures in the northeast Atlantic intensified the warming effect, pushing the daily average temperature at the North Pole to more than -1°C on February 2.

Why the Arctic Heats Faster than the Rest of the World

• While global temperatures have risen by about 1.3°C since the pre-industrial era, the Arctic has warmed 3.8 times faster than the global average.
• The main reason is the albedo effect—as Arctic ice melts, darker land and water surfaces absorb more heat instead of reflecting sunlight. Another key factor is weak convection in higher latitudes, which traps heat near the surface instead of distributing it through the atmosphere.
• These accelerating trends in Arctic warming highlight the urgent need for global climate action to mitigate further environmental and ecological disruptions.

 

3. Earth’s Inner Core is Changing Shape-study

Context

●  A new study suggests that the Earth’s inner core has changed shape over the past few decades, possibly due to interactions at its outer boundary. ● The study, published in Nature Geoscience, indicates that the outer core may be exerting a force on the inner core, causing slight movement.

 

Analysis of the news:

A new study reveals that the Earth’s inner core is undergoing structural transformation.

Inner Core Rotation and Variability

• The inner core does not spin at the same rate as the Earth’s outer layers.
• Earlier, it was spinning slightly faster than the outer layers, but recent observations suggest a slowdown.
• The inner core plays a crucial role in generating Earth’s magnetic field and even influences the length of days.

Earth’s Geological Layers

The Earth consists of several layers:

• Crust: The outermost, where humans live.
• Mantle: A semi-fluid layer responsible for tectonic movements.
• Outer Core: A liquid layer surrounding the inner core.
• Inner Core: The deepest, solid layer, affected by external forces.

Study Methodology

• Scientists used seismic vibrations from earthquakes to study the inner core.
• They analyzed over 100 earthquake pairs from the South Sandwich Islands recorded between 1991 and 2004 at seismometer arrays in Fairbanks (Alaska) and Yellowknife (Canada).

Key Findings

• Identical earthquakes should produce identical seismic signals. However, signals at Yellowknife differed, suggesting a shift in the inner core’s outer boundary.
• Possible causes include turbulent flow in the outer core or gravitational pull from denser mantle regions.
• The inner core may be deforming due to its proximity to the melting point, making it more susceptible to external forces.

Implications of the Study

• This research enhances our understanding of the inner core’s dynamics, which influence Earth’s magnetic field and rotational behavior.
• Further studies could reveal how these changes impact global geophysical processes.

 

4. There are more minerals on earth than are dreamt of in our geology

Context

● Earth holds a vast diversity of minerals, far beyond what is commonly imagined or studied in the field of geology.

 

Tanzanite

• A blue variety of calcium aluminium hydroxyl sorosilicate, found only in Tanzania.
• Its blue colour comes from traces of vanadium (X) in the crystal structure.
• Used in jewelry and is highly valued due to its rarity and pleochroism (showing different colors under different lighting).

Painite

• A rare borate mineral first discovered in Myanmar, containing zirconium and boron (Y).
• It was once considered the rarest mineral on Earth due to its scarcity.
• Has a dark brown to reddish colour and is highly sought after by collectors and gem enthusiasts.

Jadeite

• A pyroxene mineral with the chemical formula NaAlSi₂O₆.
• Known for its green varieties, which are highly valued in Chinese culture as imperial jade.
• Forms in subduction zones under high pressure and temperature, making it geologically rare.

Lunar Breccia (Dhofar 280 Meteorite)

• A type of rock formed from fragmented lunar material fused together.
• The Dhofar 280 meteorite found in Oman (2000) contains lunar breccia, indicating moon origin.
• Studied to understand the Moon’s geology and impact history.

Ekanite

• A radioactive mineral found mainly in Sri Lanka.
• Its crystal structure is slowly destroyed by self-radiation damage, a process known as metamictization (Z).
• Contains uranium and thorium, making it a rare radioactive silicate mineral.

 

5.Delhi’s Seismic Wake-Up Call

Context

● A magnitude 4 earthquake originated in Delhi, marking the strongest local tremor in five years and highlighting the city’s seismic vulnerability.

 

Analysis of the news:

What is an Earthquake?

·       An earthquake is the shaking of the Earth’s crust caused by a sudden release of energy. This release of energy occurs along a fault, which is a break in the Earth’s crustal rocks. How do earthquakes occur? ● Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates. ● When two tectonic plates slide past each other, the jagged edges can get caught, and when they release, the energy is released as vibrations. ● Earthquakes can also be caused by the injection or withdrawal of magma, or explosions of chemical or nuclear devices.

Seismic Activity in Delhi

• Delhi experiences frequent tremors, mainly from distant earthquakes.
• However, the recent magnitude 4 earthquake originated within Delhi, near Dhaula Kuan, marking the strongest local tremor in five years.
• While not destructive, it highlights the city’s seismic vulnerability.

Delhi’s Earthquake Susceptibility

• Classified under Zone 4 in India’s earthquake hazard map, Delhi is prone to MSK-8 intensity quakes, which can cause significant infrastructure damage.
• The intensity of shaking varies based on local geology, making Delhi more susceptible despite moderate earthquake magnitudes.

Aravalli-Delhi Fold Belt and Seismicity

• Delhi lies within the Aravalli-Delhi Fold Belt, a geological zone stretching from Rajasthan to Haryana.
• This region, shaped by ancient geological processes, has residual fault lines that occasionally trigger mild earthquakes.
• Unlike the Himalayas, where active tectonic plate movements generate frequent quakes, Delhi’s seismic activity is sporadic and less intense.

Unusual Sound Phenomenon

• Some Delhi residents reported hearing an unusual sound during the quake.
• While earthquakes can produce sound waves, they are typically beyond human hearing.
• More likely, the noise resulted from buildings and structures vibrating, rather than the earthquake itself.

Low Probability of Major Earthquake

• Historical records mention strong earthquakes in Delhi in 1720 and 1803, but modern studies suggest they likely originated elsewhere.
• Delhi’s geological setup lacks the energy and stress conditions needed for large quakes.
• Although a severe earthquake from another region could impact Delhi, the likelihood of a major quake originating within the city remains low.

Conclusion

• Delhi’s recent earthquake, though mild, underscores its seismic vulnerability.
• Positioned in Zone 4, the city is prone to moderate tremors due to residual fault lines in the Aravalli-Delhi Fold Belt.
• While the likelihood of a major earthquake originating in Delhi is low, preparedness remains crucial due to the city’s dense population and infrastructure.

Is Delhi Ready for an Earthquake?

● While Delhi’s earthquake preparedness has improved over the years, both authorities and residents need to remain vigilant and prepared. ● The February 17, 2025 earthquake was a reminder that even moderate earthquakes can cause significant concern, especially in densely populated urban areas. ● Given Delhi’s location in Seismic Zone IV, earthquakes will continue to be a concern. ● By staying informed, securing homes, and following safety protocols, residents can mitigate the risks and ensure their safety in the event of future seismic activity.

 

6. Leaping through time

Context

●  The information explains the reason behind leap years and the corrections made in the Gregorian calendar.

 While leap years get an extra day?

• A year is not exactly 365 days long; it takes about 365.242 days for the Earth to go around the Sun.
• If we only used 365-day years, we would lose almost 6 hours each year.
• To fix this, Julius Caesar introduced leap years, adding an extra day every four years.
• But this was slightly too much, causing an extra 5 days over 400 years.
• To correct this, a new rule was made: century years (like 1700, 1800, 1900) are leap years only if divisible by 400.
• This rule is part of the Gregorian calendar, introduced in 1582.

How does Earth’s rotation affect timekeeping?

● The Earth’s rotation is gradually slowing down due to the gravitational pull of the Moon, a phenomenon known as tidal friction. ● This slowing causes a tiny increase in the length of a day over long periods. ● Atomic clocks have measured this slowdown as approximately 0.06 microseconds per year. ● Over centuries, this small change can affect the accuracy of calendars and timekeeping systems. ● Leap seconds are occasionally added to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to account for these variations. ● Even though these changes are minor, they impact precise calculations like satellite navigation and astronomical observations. ● The current Gregorian calendar remains accurate despite these slow changes in Earth’s rotation.

 

Indian Polity

 1. Rajasthan’s Anti-Conversion Bill

Context

●  The Rajasthan government has introduced the Rajasthan Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Bill to curb forced religious conversions through coercion, fraud, or allurement.

 

Analysis of the news:

Strict Regulations for Voluntary Conversion

• Individuals opting for voluntary conversion must follow an elaborate process.
• They are required to submit a declaration to the District Magistrate (DM) 60 days in advance, with additional scrutiny conducted by law enforcement.
• Their details will be displayed publicly to invite objections, and they must personally appear before the DM for verification.

Legal Justification and Government’s Stance

• According to the Bill’s ‘Statement of Objects and Reasons,’ the Constitution guarantees religious freedom but does not permit forced proselytization.
• The government cites past incidents where vulnerable individuals, particularly tribals, were allegedly converted through fraudulent means.
• Law Minister Jogaram Patel has also linked the Bill to preventing “love jihad.”

Punishments and Burden of Proof

The Bill mandates severe penalties based on the nature of the conversion:

• General cases: 1-5 years in jail, with a minimum fine of ₹15,000.
• Conversion of minors, women, or SC/ST individuals: 2-10 years in jail, with a minimum fine of ₹25,000.
• Mass conversions: 3-10 years in jail, with a minimum fine of ₹50,000.
• Repeat offenders: Double the prescribed punishment.

The burden of proof lies on the person conducting the conversion, who must demonstrate that it was not done through coercion or fraud.

Marriage and Conversion Clause

• The Bill explicitly states that any marriage conducted solely for conversion—or vice versa—will be declared void, reinforcing the government’s stance against conversions through interfaith marriages.

Comparison with Other States

• Once enacted, Rajasthan will join 11 other states, including Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Karnataka, that have similar anti-conversion laws.
• These laws have faced legal and political challenges, raising concerns about their impact on religious freedom and personal choice.

Conclusion:

• While the Rajasthan government justifies the Bill as a measure to protect vulnerable groups from forced conversions, critics argue that it may infringe upon personal freedoms and religious rights.
• The extensive bureaucratic process and harsh penalties raise questions about the balance between individual liberty and state control over religious practices.
• The Bill’s passage is expected to spark further legal and political debates.

What are the Challenges to Anti-Conversion Laws in India?

● Constitutional Concerns: The primary challenge to anti-conversion laws in India revolves around their constitutionality, particularly concerning fundamental rights guaranteed under the Indian Constitution. Critics argue that these laws infringe upon the rights to freedom of religion, expression, and privacy, as enshrined in Articles 19, 21, and 25. In 2012, the Himachal Pradesh High Court ruled certain provisions of the state’s 2006 anti-conversion law as unconstitutional. It upheld the right to privacy, stating that the requirement of giving a month’s notice to the district magistrate violated this right. In 2021, Gujarat High Court stayed the provisions of the Gujarat Freedom of Religion Act, 2003, which were amended to include marriage as grounds for prohibiting conversions. ■ The court upheld the right to choice of an individual, stating that the Act gave the impression that inter-faith marriages followed by conversion could be deemed illegal. ● Burden of Proof: Anti-conversion laws often shift the burden of proof onto the accused to demonstrate that conversions were not carried out through prohibited means. ●  Impact on Interfaith Marriages: Recent state law amendments declare marriages null if they involve conversion solely for the purpose of marriage. Critics argue that these provisions interfere with individuals’ rights to freely marry and choose life partners regardless of religious differences. ● Allegations of Misuse and Targeting: Critics argue that anti-conversion laws are often misused to target religious minorities and dissenting voices, leading to concerns about exacerbating communal tensions and discriminating against vulnerable groups such as Dalits, Adivasis, and women.

 

2. Tribhuvan Sahkari University Bill 2025

Context

●  The Indian government has introduced the Tribhuvan Sahkari University Bill, 2025, proposing a new university dedicated to cooperative education.

 

Analysis of the news:

Location

• Located at the Institute of Rural Management Anand (IRMA) in Gujarat, the university will be an institution of national importance with a focus on cooperative sector training and research.

Objectives of the University

The Tribhuvan Sahkari University aims to:

• Provide technical and management education for the cooperative sector.
• Promote research and development in cooperatives.
• Establish sector-specific schools for dairy, fisheries, banking, finance, and more.
• Leverage digital learning platforms like SWAYAM for online education.

Why a Cooperative University?

• The cooperative sector plays a critical role in India’s economy, contributing significantly to agricultural credit, fertilizer production, sugar production, and milk procurement.
• However, the sector lacks standardized education and training infrastructure, making capacity-building crucial.
• The new university seeks to address these gaps by ensuring high-quality manpower for managerial, administrative, and technical roles.

How is it Different from Other Universities?

• Unlike conventional universities, Tribhuvan Sahkari University will focus exclusively on cooperatives.
• It will have affiliated colleges across states, emphasizing cooperative governance, finance, and law.
• This model is inspired by cooperative universities in Germany, Kenya, Colombia, and Spain.

Impact on IRMA

• IRMA, established by Verghese Kurien in 1979, will become a Centre of Excellence under the new university while retaining its autonomy.
• The IRMA society will be dissolved, and its role will be integrated within the broader framework of the university.

3. On the appointment of ad-hoc judges to HC

Context

● On January 30, 2024, the Supreme Court allowed High Courts to appoint retired judges on an ad-hoc basis.

 

Supreme Court’s Decision on Ad-hoc Judges

• These judges can only hear criminal appeals and must work as part of a Bench led by a sitting judge.
• The decision relaxes a previous rule set in the Lok Prahari case (2021), which limited such appointments to High Courts where judicial vacancies exceeded 20% of the sanctioned strength.

How are Ad-hoc Judges Appointed?

• Article 224-A, introduced in 1963, allows the appointment of retired judges to High Courts.
• Such appointments require the consent of the retired judge and the President of India.
• Ad-hoc judges receive allowances as determined by the President’s order and hold the same powers as sitting High Court judges.
• The process is detailed in the 1998 Memorandum of Procedure (MoP).

When are Ad-hoc Judges Appointed?

• The Lok Prahari case set conditions for appointing ad-hoc judges.
• The Supreme Court identified several “trigger points” for appointments, including:
  • Vacancies exceeding 20% of the High Court’s sanctioned strength.
  • Cases pending for over five years in a particular category.
  • More than 10% of total cases pending for five years or more.
  • Case clearance rate is lower than the rate of new filings.
• The Supreme Court recommended forming a panel of retired and soon-to-retire judges for appointments.

Key Changes in the Latest Order

• As of January 25, 2024, 62 lakh cases are pending in High Courts.
• Of these, 2 lakh are criminal cases, and 44 lakh are civil cases.
• The Supreme Court removed the 20% vacancy rule, allowing more High Courts to appoint ad-hoc judges.
• However, these judges can only hear criminal appeals.
• The number of ad-hoc judges cannot exceed 10% of a High Court’s sanctioned judicial strength.
• This means each High Court can appoint only 2 to 5 ad-hoc judges.

Past Instances of Ad-hoc Judicial Appointments

Only three documented cases of ad-hoc judicial appointments exist: ●  1972: Justice Suraj Bhan (Madhya Pradesh High Court) handled election petitions. ● 1982: Justice P. Venugopal (Madras High Court) was appointed as an ad-hoc judge. ● 2007: Justice O.P. Srivastava (Allahabad High Court) presided over the Ayodhya title suits.

 

Conclusion

• The Supreme Court’s decision to appoint retired judges as ad-hoc judges for criminal appeals aims to tackle the massive backlog of cases in High Courts.
• This move seeks to enhance judicial efficiency while maintaining accountability and fairness.

4. SC Examines Governor’s Powers

Context

●  The Supreme Court is currently hearing a case regarding the Governor’s powers in the legislative process, focusing on Article 200 of the Constitution.

 

Analysis of the news:

Governor’s Role in the Legislative Process

• Tamil Nadu argues that delays in granting assent to Bills could undermine democracy.
• The case holds national significance as similar petitions have been filed by other opposition-ruled states like Kerala, Telangana, and Punjab.

Understanding Article 200

Article 200 provides three options for a Governor when presented with a Bill:

1. Give assent, making it law.
2. Withhold assent and return it for reconsideration. If re-passed, the Governor must grant assent unless it derogates the High Court’s powers.
3. Reserve the Bill for the President’s consideration in specific cases.

The Tamil Nadu Dispute

• Since Governor RN Ravi’s appointment in 2021, the Tamil Nadu government (DMK) has raised concerns over repeated delays in granting assent to Bills.
• In November 2023, the SC criticized Governors for withholding Bills indefinitely, stating that they “are not elected representatives” and should act before forcing states to approach the court.
• The Tamil Nadu Assembly re-passed the Bills, but Governor Ravi withheld assent again and referred two to the President.

Key Legal Issues Before the SC

1. Can a Governor withhold assent twice after a Bill is re-passed?
2. What are the limits on referring Bills to the President?
3. Does the Governor’s indefinite withholding (pocket veto) have constitutional validity?
4. Should there be a specific time frame for assent under Article 200?

SC on Time Frame for Assent

• Article 200 states that the Governor must act “as soon as possible”, but lacks a fixed deadline.
• The SC has ruled that Governors cannot indefinitely withhold assent, as seen in the Nabam Rebia (2016) case and reiterated in November 2023 during Punjab’s petition against similar delays.
• The Court emphasized that delays should not hinder the legislative process.

Conclusion

• The Supreme Court’s ruling on Tamil Nadu’s case will set a precedent for all states, clarifying the constitutional limits of a Governor’s role in lawmaking.
• A verdict enforcing a time-bound framework could prevent Governors from obstructing the legislative process and uphold the federal structure of democracy.

Supreme Court Observations/Interpretations

● Shamsher Singh v. State of Punjab (1974): Governor is bound to act on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers except in certain specified cases. ● Nabam Rebia v. Deputy Speaker (2016): Governor cannot act in a partisan manner or override the elected government’s decisions without valid reasons. ● Rameshwar Prasad Case (2006): Governor’s discretion should not be arbitrary and must align with constitutional principles.

5. National Commission for Safai Karamcharis gets 3-yr extension

Context

● The Union Cabinet has approved the extension of the National Commission for Safai Karamcharis (NCSK) until March 31, 2028.

 

Analysis of the news:

Mandate and Functions

NCSK plays a crucial role in safeguarding the rights of safai karamcharis by:

• Recommending policies and action plans to eliminate social and economic inequalities.
• Monitoring the implementation of rehabilitation programs for safai karamcharis and manual scavengers.
• Investigating cases of non-implementation of laws and schemes, and addressing grievances with relevant authorities.

Evolution of NCSK: From Statutory to Non-Statutory Body

• Originally established as a statutory body under the National Commission for Safai Karamcharis Act, 1993, the NCSK lost its statutory status after the Act lapsed in 2004.
• Despite this, its scope has expanded, particularly after the enactment of The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and Their Rehabilitation Act, 2013.

Financial Implication

• The decision entails a financial outlay of ₹51 crore and ensures the continued functioning of the Commission beyond its previous deadline of March 2024.

Significance of the Extension

• The extension underscores the government’s continued focus on uplifting safai karamcharis and eradicating manual scavenging.
• However, the non-statutory nature of the Commission limits its authority, raising concerns about the effectiveness of its recommendations.
• Strengthening its legal framework and ensuring strict enforcement of rehabilitation policies remain critical challenges.

 

6. Private Bills seek sitting of Parliament for 100 days a year

Context

● Senior Opposition members Derek O’Brien and Manoj Kumar Jha have proposed Bills to mandate a minimum of 100-120 parliamentary sittings annually.

 

Need for Such a Bill

• Declining Parliamentary Sittings: The number of parliamentary sittings has significantly reduced over the years. In the 1950s, Parliament met for around 120-140 days annually, but this has now declined to around 60-70 days.
• Ensuring Legislative Scrutiny: More sittings would allow better examination of bills, policies, and government decisions.
• Strengthening Democracy: A more active Parliament ensures better representation of public issues and enhances accountability.
• Preventing Disruptions: Frequent disruptions lead to lost working hours; a fixed calendar can ensure optimal legislative functioning.
• Recommendations from Reports: The National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (2002) and earlier parliamentary committees have recommended a minimum number of sittings.

Challenges

• Executive Hesitation: The government may resist due to administrative burden and fear of increased scrutiny.
• Opposition Coordination: Ensuring effective debates instead of mere disruptions remains a challenge.
• Lack of Political Consensus: Different political parties may have varying opinions on increasing parliamentary sittings, leading to delays in implementing such a reform.
• Legislative Overload: More sittings may not necessarily translate into better lawmaking if the focus remains on passing bills quickly rather than thorough debate and discussion.

Way Forward

• Fixed Parliamentary Calendar: A structured annual calendar with mandatory sittings can improve efficiency.
• Strengthening Parliamentary committee: To ensure detailed examination of bills even during non-sitting periods
• Compensating Lost Hours: Introducing mechanisms to recover hours lost due to disruptions.
• Multi-Session Model: Adding a short session to discuss opposition business and policy review.
• Incentivizing Constructive Participation: Introduce mechanisms such as performance-based evaluations for MPs, ensuring productive discussions and reducing disruptions in parliamentary proceedings.

PYQ: Individual Parliamentarian’s role as the national lawmaker is on a decline, which in turn, has adversely impacted the quality of debates and their outcome. Discuss. (250 words/15m) (UPSC CSE (M) GS-2 2019)

 

7. Plan to amend nuclear liability law may enthuse American, French firms

Context

● The government plans to amend CLNDA and the Atomic Energy Act to resolve liability issues and attract foreign investment in nuclear energy.

 

Proposed Amendments to CLNDA and Atomic Energy Act

• The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA) will be amended to separate the operator’s liability from the supplier’s liability.
• This change will align India’s legal framework with the international Convention for Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage (CSC).
• The Atomic Energy Act will be amended to allow greater private and foreign investment in nuclear power projects.
• These amendments aim to break the legal deadlock that has stalled nuclear projects with U.S. and French companies for over 15 years.
• The reforms will enable the completion of the Electricité de France (EDF) project at Jaitapur and the Westinghouse Electric Company (WEC) project at Kovvada.
• The government’s move marks a reversal from its 2015 stance, when it had ruled out amending CLNDA.

Benefits of These Amendments

• The amendments will facilitate the entry of American and French nuclear power companies into India’s energy sector.
• They will help India achieve its goal of at least 100 GW of nuclear energy capacity by 2047.
• Increased investment in small modular reactors (SMRs) will support India’s clean energy transition.
• Resolving liability concerns will boost confidence among foreign suppliers, leading to faster project execution.
• The reforms will allow India to develop advanced nuclear technologies, enhancing energy security.
• Greater private sector participation will drive job creation and technological innovation in the nuclear sector.
• Strengthened international nuclear partnerships will improve India’s geopolitical and economic standing.

 

8. Manipur Political Crisis

Context

● Following the resignation of N Biren Singh as Manipur’s Chief Minister on February 9, the BJP leadership is struggling to find a consensus replacement. ● If a new CM is not appointed soon, the state may face President’s Rule, which the BJP wants to avoid.

 

Analysis of the news:

Article 356 and Its Implications

• President’s Rule under Article 356 transfers the state’s governance to the Centre, while the state legislature’s functions are taken over by Parliament.
• The High Court’s jurisdiction remains unaffected.
• The process begins when the President, based on the Governor’s report, determines that the state government cannot function per constitutional provisions.
• The proclamation lasts for two months and must be ratified by both Houses of Parliament for extensions up to a maximum of three years, subject to conditions like national or state emergencies or Election Commission certification.

Historical Precedence of President’s Rule

• Since 1950, President’s Rule has been imposed 134 times across 29 states and UTs, with Manipur and Uttar Pradesh experiencing it 10 times each.
• Jammu & Kashmir holds the record for the longest duration (over 12 years), followed by Punjab (over 10 years) and Puducherry (over 7 years).
• The latest instance was in Puducherry in 2021 due to a failed confidence vote.

Supreme Court’s Stand on President’s Rule

• The landmark S R Bommai v Union of India (1994) case established that the imposition of President’s Rule is subject to judicial review.
• The court ruled that while the President’s decision remains subjective, the material basis for the proclamation must be legally sound.
• The judgment also limited the scope of President’s Rule by ensuring the state government’s complete dismissal required parliamentary approval within two months.
• Justice B P Jeevan Reddy emphasized protecting states’ autonomy, asserting that states are not mere extensions of the Centre. Post-Bommai, instances of President’s Rule have declined significantly.

 

President’s Rule Key Recommendations

Over the years, various commissions have examined the imposition of the President’s Rule and provided recommendations to ensure its appropriate use and safeguard against potential misuse. Two significant commissions in this regard are the Sarkaria Commission and the Punchhi Commission. ● Sarkaria Commission: The Sarkaria Commission emphasized that Article 356 should be invoked only as a last resort after all available alternatives to address the breakdown of constitutional machinery in a state have been exhausted. Whenever possible, the Centre should give the state government a warning before imposing Article 356. ● Punchhi Commission: The Punchhi Commission recommended a more localized approach to the Emergency provisions under Article 356, suggesting that instead of imposing the President’s Rule across an entire state, it should apply to specific areas—such as a district or parts of a district.

 

PYQ: Which of the following are not necessarily the consequences of the proclamation of the President’s rule in a State? (UPSC Prelims 2017) Dissolution of the State Legislative Assembly Removal of the Council of Ministers in the State Dissolution of the local bodies Select the correct answer using the code below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Ans: (b)

 

9. What does law say about obscenity?

Context

● YouTuber Ranveer Allahbadia and comedian Samay Raina are under police investigation for allegedly obscene remarks made on the YouTube show India’s Got Latent. ● While Mumbai police have yet to register an FIR, Assam police filed a complaint invoking Section 296 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023, which pertains to obscene acts.

 

Analysis of the news:

Legal Framework on Online Obscenity

• Obscenity in digital content is governed by Section 294 of the BNS and Section 67 of the Information Technology Act, 2000.
• Section 294 penalizes the sale, display, or profit from obscene material, including digital content, with imprisonment of up to two years and a fine.
• Section 67 of the IT Act provides stricter punishment—up to three years of imprisonment and a fine of up to ₹5 lakh for first-time offenders.

Evolution of Judicial Interpretation

• Obscenity laws in India were initially shaped by the Ranjit D. Udeshi v. State of Maharashtra (1964) case, which applied the British Hicklin test—judging content by its potential to corrupt impressionable minds.
• However, global legal perspectives evolved, with the U.S. and U.K. adopting the “community standards” test, assessing content in its entirety rather than isolated sections.
• India followed suit in Aveek Sarkar v. State of West Bengal (2014), which ruled that obscenity should be determined by contemporary social standards.

Judicial Stance on Online Content

• The Supreme Court’s March 2024 ruling on College Romance reaffirmed the distinction between obscene material and profane language.
• It quashed charges under IPC Section 292 and IT Act Section 67, clarifying that vulgar expressions do not necessarily provoke lustful thoughts and should be evaluated based on societal norms.
• This precedent may influence Allahbadia’s case, determining whether his remarks meet the threshold for legal obscenity.

How obscenity is viewed under Indian laws?

● There is no comprehensive definition of obscenity in law. ● What can be considered as ‘obscene’ as per the Indian courts has changed and evolved over the years. ● Until 2014, the judiciary used the Victorian-era ‘Hicklin test’ to determine if something is obscene or not. ● In 2014, the apex court applied the ‘community standards test’ instead of the Hicklin Test while hearing the case of Aveek Sarkar & Anr vs State Of West Bengal and Anr. ● In ‘community standards test’ obscenity has to be judged from the point of view of an average person, by applying contemporary community standards. ● A nude picture cannot be called obscene unless it has the tendency to arouse the feeling of an overt sexual desire.

 

10. Should convicted persons contest elections?

Context

● A Supreme Court petition seeks a lifetime election ban for convicted persons, challenging existing disqualification rules under the Representation of the People Act, 1951.

 

Legal Provisions for Disqualification

• The Representation of the People Act, 1951 (RP Act, 1951), lays down rules for disqualifying convicted persons from contesting elections.
• Section 8(3) disqualifies individuals convicted of a criminal offence and sentenced to at least two years of imprisonment. They remain disqualified for six years after their release.
• Section 8(1) imposes disqualification irrespective of sentence length for those convicted under laws dealing with heinous crimes such as rape, untouchability, unlawful associations, and corruption.

Key Supreme Court Judgments on Decriminalizing Politics

● 2002: The Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) case mandated the disclosure of criminal records by all contesting candidates. ● 2013: The CEC vs Jan Chaukidar case upheld a ruling that individuals in jail lose their status as electors, making them ineligible to contest elections. However, Parliament overturned this ruling, allowing under-trial prisoners to contest. ● 2013: The Lily Thomas case struck down Section 8(4) of the RP Act, ensuring that legislators are immediately disqualified upon conviction, even if they file an appeal.

 

Election Commission’s Role in Reducing Disqualification

• Section 11 of the RP Act gives the Election Commission (EC) the power to reduce or remove disqualification for convicted individuals.
• In 2019, the EC reduced the disqualification period of a convicted individual from six years to 13 months, enabling them to contest elections.
• This decision was controversial, as the EC had previously recommended stricter measures to curb criminalization of politics.

Current Petition and Government’s Response

• The petition seeks a lifetime ban on convicted persons contesting elections.
• The argument is that if convicted individuals cannot get government jobs, they should not be allowed to become lawmakers.
• However, the Central government has opposed this, stating that MPs and MLAs are not bound by service conditions like government employees, and the existing six-year disqualification after release is sufficient.
• The Supreme Court has asked for a response from both the Central government and the EC.

Need for Electoral Reforms

• A report by ADR highlights that 46% of elected MPs in 2024 have criminal cases, and 31% face serious charges like rape, murder, and kidnapping.
• The Law Commission (1999 and 2014) and the Election Commission have recommended banning individuals from contesting elections if charges are framed against them for offences punishable by more than five years.
• However, political parties have not reached a consensus, fearing misuse of disqualification rules.

Possible Solutions

• A permanent ban may be excessive for cases not involving moral turpitude.
• For heinous crimes and corruption cases, a lifetime ban may be necessary to maintain probity in public life.
• Also, the Election Commission’s power to reduce disqualification periods should be reviewed for constitutional validity.

 

11. Only Parliament can constitutionally remove HC judge: Jagdeep Dhankhar

Context

● Rajya Sabha Chairman Jagdeep Dhankhar asserted that only Parliament can remove a High Court judge.

 

Analysis of the news:

• Rajya Sabha Chairman Jagdeep Dhankhar stated that only Parliament has the authority to constitutionally remove a High Court judge.
• A notice for the removal of Justice Shekhar Yadav of the Allahabad High Court is pending with him.
• The Supreme Court had summoned Justice Yadav over his alleged communal remarks and sought a report from the Allahabad High Court Chief Justice.
• Dhankhar emphasized that the matter falls exclusively under his jurisdiction and, ultimately, Parliament and the President.
• A notice signed by 55 Rajya Sabha members seeking Justice Yadav’s removal was submitted on December 13, 2024.
• Opposition members accused Justice Yadav of making hate speech at a VHP event.

Procedure for removal of Supreme Court / High Court Judge

Constitutional Provision ● Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts can be removed under Article 124(4) and Article 217(1)(b) of the Constitution. ● The process is governed by the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968. Grounds for Removal ● A judge can be removed for proven misbehavior or incapacity. Initiation of Removal ● A motion must be signed by 100 Lok Sabha members or 50 Rajya Sabha members. ● It is submitted to the Speaker (Lok Sabha) or Chairman (Rajya Sabha). Inquiry Committee ● A three-member committee consisting of a Supreme Court judge, a High Court Chief Justice, and a jurist examines the charges. Parliamentary Approval ● If found guilty, both Houses must pass the motion with a two-thirds majority in both presence and voting. Presidential Decision ● The motion is sent to the President, who issues an order for removal.

 

12. Vice-President questions involvement of Chief Justice in executive appointments

Context

● Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar questioned the legal basis of the Chief Justice’s role in appointing the CBI Director and emphasized the need to revisit executive-judiciary relations.

 

Arguments in Favour of the Chief Justice’s Role in CBI Director’s Appointment

• Ensures Judicial Oversight: The Chief Justice’s involvement prevents arbitrary executive decisions, ensuring fairness in key appointments.
• Checks and Balances: This maintains a balance of power between the executive and judiciary, preventing excessive government control over investigative agencies.
• Protects Investigative Independence: A judicial presence safeguards CBI from political influence, ensuring impartial investigations.
• Precedent-Based System: The practice was introduced following judicial intervention to uphold transparency and fairness.
• Democratic Safeguard: In a democracy, multi-institutional participation prevents any one branch from overpowering others.

Arguments Against the Chief Justice’s Role in CBI Director’s Appointment

• Separation of Powers: Judiciary’s involvement in executive decisions contradicts the principle of separation of powers.
• Judicial Overreach: It may lead to excessive judicial interference in administrative matters.
• Accountability Issues: The executive, not the judiciary, is directly accountable to the people for governance.
• Delays in Appointment Process: Legal complexities and judicial scrutiny can slow down the selection of crucial officers.
• Global Practices Differ: In most democracies, investigative agency appointments are handled solely by the executive or legislature.

PYQ: Constitutionally guaranteed judicial independence is a prerequisite of democracy. Comment. (150 words/10m) (UPSC CSE (M) GS-2 2023)

 

13. How does a President’s rule function?

Context

● President’s Rule has been established in Manipur due to ongoing violence and political instability. ● The State government’s inability to function led to this decision.

 

Constitutional Basis for President’s Rule

● Emergency provisions in the Indian Constitution protect the country’s sovereignty, unity, and security. ● The Constitution provides for three types of emergencies: National Emergency (Article 352) – Declared during war, external aggression, or armed rebellion. State Emergency (Article 356) – Commonly known as President’s Rule, imposed when a State government cannot function according to the Constitution. Financial Emergency (Article 360) – Declared during a financial crisis. ● In Manipur, a “State Emergency” under Article 356 has been declared. ● Article 355 obligates the Union to protect States from external aggression and internal disturbances.

 

Process of Imposing President’s Rule

• Article 356 allows the President to take over the State’s executive functions if the government fails constitutionally.
• The President acts based on a report from the Governor or other sources.
• Once imposed, the State government loses executive power, and the legislature is suspended.
• Parliament assumes the power to legislate for the State.

Approval and Duration of President’s Rule

• The proclamation must be approved by both Houses of Parliament within two months.
• If approved, it lasts six months but can be extended in six-month intervals.
• Extensions beyond one year require:
  • A National Emergency in the country or part of the State.
  • The Election Commission’s certification that elections cannot be held.
• President’s Rule cannot last more than three years.

Difference Between National Emergency and President’s Rule

Aspect	National Emergency (Article 352)	President’s Rule (Article 356)
Imposition Reason	Security threats like war or armed rebellion	State government failure to function constitutionally
Duration	Can last indefinitely with parliamentary approval	Requires simple majority for extension, cannot exceed 3 years
Parliamentary Approval	Needs a special majority	Requires a simple majority
State Government Function	State governments continue to function	State executive is dismissed
Assembly Status	Assembly remains functional	Assembly may be placed under suspended animation
Revival of Assembly	No provision for revival	Assembly can be revived if political stability is restored

 

Impact on Fundamental Rights

• President’s Rule does not suspend fundamental rights.
• During a National Emergency, Article 19 (freedom of speech and expression) is suspended.
• Under President’s Rule, the President controls the State through the Governor and advisers.
• The President can authorize State expenditure under Article 357.

Frequency of President’s Rule in India

• President’s Rule has been imposed 134 times in different States and Union Territories since 1950.
• The first instance was in Punjab in June 1951.
• Manipur has experienced it 11 times, making it one of the most affected States.
• The longest President’s Rule in Manipur lasted over two years and 157 days (1969–1972).
• Jammu & Kashmir has had the longest cumulative President’s Rule, lasting over 12 years (4,668 days) due to security concerns.

Judicial Review and Limitations on President’s Rule

• Initially, courts upheld frequent use of President’s Rule.
• In 1994, the Supreme Court redefined its scope in a landmark case.
• The Court ruled that:
  • Article 356 should be used only as a last resort.
  • The Centre must issue a warning before dismissing a State government.
  • President’s Rule is subject to judicial review and can be struck down if misused.
  • Parliament’s approval is needed before dissolving a State Assembly.
  • It must be invoked only for a breakdown of constitutional machinery, not for political reasons.

Conclusion

• President’s Rule is a constitutional provision meant for crises but has been frequently used.
• Judicial rulings now ensure stricter checks to prevent misuse.
• Manipur’s case highlights ongoing instability and the need for political resolution.

14. Constitutional morality

Context

● The concept of constitutional morality has become central to many judicial interpretations. ● It highlights the balance between respect for constitutional forms and the need for reform.

 

Embracing Constitutional Morality in Courts

• Constitutional courts have recently adopted the concept of “constitutional morality” to interpret and assess the validity of laws.
• Some see it as a check on the changing nature of public morality, while others view it as a “dangerous weapon.”
• The Supreme Court has emphasized constitutional morality as a guiding principle in cases related to sexual minorities’ rights, women’s entry into temples, free speech, and the balance between national security and civil liberties.

Historical Origin of Constitutional Morality

• The term was originally conceptualized by a British scholar George Grote who focused on the importance of adhering to both the forms and procedures of a constitution.
• He argued that the constitution’s survival depends not just on written rules but also on citizens’ respect for these rules, regardless of political differences.
• A civic culture that honors constitutional forms is necessary for a constitution’s long-term effectiveness in resolving conflicts and disputes.

Dr. Ambedkar’s Perspective on Constitutional Morality

• In his speech on the Draft Constitution, Ambedkar emphasized that India’s democracy would need to cultivate constitutional morality, as it wasn’t naturally ingrained in the polity.
• He believed that for a democracy to thrive, constitutional morality must be established and spread.
• He also warned that it was possible to undermine the Constitution by altering administrative practices, which could contradict its spirit.

Balance Between Commitment and Critique

• Constitutional morality emphasizes the importance of following constitutional processes while still allowing for critique and reform.
• It is not about blind loyalty to the Constitution but managing differences through established procedures.
• This approach promotes a mature form of constitutionalism that balances reverence for the Constitution with the ability to adapt and reform it, ensuring a stable yet flexible system of governance.

15. Chhattisgarh HC Extends Marital Rape Immunity to Section 377

Context

● The Chhattisgarh High Court ruled that marital rape immunity under Section 375 IPC also applies to Section 377, effectively decriminalizing non-consensual unnatural sex within marriage.

 

Analysis of the news:

Extension of Marital Rape Immunity to Section 377

• The Chhattisgarh High Court ruled that the marital rape exception under Section 375 of the IPC also extends to Section 377, which criminalized unnatural sex.

What is Marital Rape?

● Marital rape is a type of intimate partner violence that involves forced sex or sexual assault between spouses. It is not a crime in India. ● However, If a couple is married, but living separately, then the husband is guilty of rape if his wife does not consent to sexual intercourse.

 

• While Section 375 explicitly exempts husbands from rape charges for non-consensual intercourse with their wives, Section 377 did not include such an exception.
• The HC ruled that both provisions must be read together, effectively shielding husbands from prosecution under Section 377 for non-consensual unnatural sex with their wives.

Case Background and HC’s Justification

• The case involved a husband convicted under Sections 375, 377, and 304 IPC after his wife died due to forced sexual relations.
• While the trial court held him guilty, the HC overturned the ruling, citing that Section 375’s marital rape exception implied that forced intercourse, even unnatural, could not be criminalized under Section 377.
• The court also referenced the Supreme Court’s 2018 judgment that decriminalized consensual homosexuality but retained Section 377 for non-consensual unnatural offences.

Impact of Section 377’s Omission from BNS

• The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) has entirely removed Section 377, eliminating a key legal recourse for married women facing non-consensual unnatural sex.
• Legal experts argue this also weakens protections for men and LGBTQIA+ individuals who could be victims of sexual offences.
• The omission leaves a legal void, as sexual offences in the BNS primarily focus on crimes against women and children, failing to address non-consensual carnal intercourse with men or transgender individuals.

Legal Challenges and Future Implications

• Advocate Gantavya Gulati filed a PIL in the Delhi HC in 2024, seeking Section 377’s revival.
• The Delhi HC directed the Centre to consider the plea, while the SC dismissed a similar petition, stating that defining crimes falls under Parliament’s jurisdiction.
• The ruling intensifies debates over marital rape immunity, gender-neutral sexual offence laws, and the need for comprehensive legal protection for all individuals.

Conclusion:

• The Chhattisgarh HC ruling limits legal recourse for married women against non-consensual unnatural sex and raises concerns about the absence of Section 377 in the BNS, leaving men and LGBTQIA+ individuals without adequate protection against sexual offences.

What can be Done to Curb Marital Rape?

● Jaya Jaitley Committee Recommendations: Raise the minimum marriage age for women from 18 to 21 to promote gender equality, improve maternal health, and reduce the risk of non-consensual sex (marital rape). ● Legislative Reforms: Amend the BNS to remove the marital rape immunity and recognize spousal consent as a legal necessity. ● Alternative Legal Frameworks: Expand the Domestic Violence Act, 2005 to explicitly include marital sexual violence, offering stronger civil remedies like restraining orders and compensation. ● Global Best Practices: India can study UK, Canada, and Australia’s laws to develop a culturally adaptive marital rape law, aligning with global human rights while considering socio-cultural realities.

 

16. New Chief Election Commissioner Appointed

Context

● Former IAS officer Gyanesh Kumar was appointed as the new Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) of India under the newly enacted 2023 law, amidst objections from the opposition and pending Supreme Court petitions challenging the revised appointment process.

Analysis of the news:

Background of Appointment Process

• The Election Commission of India (ECI) is a three-member body consisting of one Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and two Election Commissioners (ECs).
• Traditionally, the CEC was appointed by the President based on the Prime Minister’s advice, with seniority playing a key role.
• However, the new Chief Election Commissioner And Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service And Term of Office) Act, 2023, has altered this process.

The New Appointment Process:

Under the 2023 Act, a two-step process was introduced:

1. Search Committee: Headed by the Law Minister, this committee shortlists five candidates.
2. Selection Committee: Comprising the Prime Minister, Leader of Opposition, and a Cabinet Minister nominated by the PM, this committee makes the final appointment. Notably, Section 8 allows the committee to consider candidates beyond the initial shortlist.

Why Opposition Objected?

• Rahul Gandhi submitted a dissent note during the appointment meeting, urging the government to postpone the appointment until the Supreme Court resolves petitions challenging the new process.
• His objection is rooted in the exclusion of the Chief Justice of India (CJI) from the selection panel, which was initially recommended by the Supreme Court.

Supreme Court’s Role and Concerns

• The Supreme Court had earlier directed that until a law is enacted, a panel including the PM, LoP, and CJI should appoint the CEC and ECs.
• The government’s new law replaced the CJI with a Cabinet Minister, raising concerns about executive dominance in the appointment process.
• Petitions challenging this change are pending before the Supreme Court.

Eligibility and Tenure Under the New Act

• The Act now clearly outlines eligibility: candidates must have held a post equivalent to the rank of Secretary to the Government of India and possess integrity and election management experience.
• Additionally, no re-appointments are allowed, and the total tenure for an EC who becomes CEC is capped at six years.

Constitutional and Legal Implications

• The key constitutional question is whether Parliament can override a Supreme Court judgment through legislation.
• The Supreme Court has assured that its eventual decision will apply retrospectively, affecting appointments made in the interim.

Conclusion

• While Gyanesh Kumar’s appointment follows the newly enacted process, its legitimacy remains subject to the Supreme Court’s upcoming ruling.
• The outcome will have significant implications for the balance of power between the Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary in India’s electoral governance.

17. Delimitation Debate

Context

● The Union Home Minister assured that southern states would not lose parliamentary seats after delimitation, addressing concerns over potential political representation shifts.

 

Analysis of the news:

What is Delimitation?

• Delimitation is the constitutional process of redrawing electoral boundaries and reallocating seats in Parliament and State Assemblies based on the latest population data.
• It ensures equitable representation, preventing significant disparities in constituency sizes.
• The last major delimitation occurred in 1976, with seat allocation frozen to encourage family planning efforts in high-growth states.
• In 2001, only constituency boundaries were adjusted, but seat numbers remained unchanged.

Concerns of Southern States

• Southern states like Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Andhra Pradesh fear that delimitation based on the latest population figures would reduce their parliamentary representation.
• Since these states have successfully controlled population growth, they worry about losing political influence to northern states, which have higher population growth rates.
• Political leaders have openly voiced concerns that a population-based delimitation would unfairly advantage states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

Data on Seat Redistribution

• If the average population per constituency remains around 10.11 lakh (as in 1977), Lok Sabha strength could rise to nearly 1,400 seats, with UP and Bihar gaining significantly.
• Even with a revised average of 20 lakh per constituency (707 seats) or 15 lakh (942 seats), northern states would still gain disproportionately.
• Tamil Nadu and Kerala would see little or no increase, while UP and Bihar would gain dozens of additional seats.

Impact on Electoral Politics

• A population-based delimitation could shift electoral dominance towards the Hindi heartland, potentially benefiting national parties like the BJP, which has a stronger presence in the North.
• Regional parties in South India, as well as the Congress, which has relied heavily on South Indian support in recent elections, may find themselves at a disadvantage.
• This could significantly alter political strategies and coalition dynamics ahead of future elections.

Conclusion

• The delimitation debate highlights the complex balance between democratic representation and regional equity.
• While ensuring proportional representation is essential, it must not come at the cost of politically and economically stable regions feeling disadvantaged.
• A pragmatic approach that safeguards the interests of all states while upholding constitutional mandates is necessary for national unity and governance effectiveness.

PYQ: With reference to the Delimitation Commission consider the following statements: (2012) 1. The orders of the Delimitation Commission cannot be challenged in a Court of Law. 2. When the orders of the Delimitation Commission are laid before the Lok Sabha or State Legislative Assembly, they cannot effect any modification in the orders. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Ans: (c)

 

Governance

1. Uttarakhand Uniform Civil Code

Context

● The Uttarakhand government implemented the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) Act 2024, which introduces regulations for live-in relationships.

 

Analysis of the news:

Uniform Civil Code (UCC)

• The Uniform Civil Code is a law that seeks to establish a common set of legal provisions for all citizens, regardless of religion or community.
• It will standardise marriage, divorce, inheritance, property rights, and adoption laws.

UCC in Uttarakhand and Live-in Relationships

• The Uttarakhand Uniform Civil Code (UCC) mandates that couples in a live-in relationship, if falling within the “degrees of prohibited relationship,” must obtain permission from religious leaders and the registrar.
• The Act defines 74 such relationships—37 for men and 37 for women—where marriage or cohabitation is restricted unless explicitly permitted by religious customs.
• The registrar has the authority to reject registrations if they are deemed against public morality or customs.

Definition and Regulation of Live-in Relationships

• The UCC defines a live-in relationship as a cohabitation between a man and a woman in a shared household, either rented or owned.
• While such relationships are generally recognized under the Act, exceptions apply in cases where the individuals are within the prohibited degrees of relationship.
• Couples in such cases must provide proof of permissibility of marriage through certification from religious leaders, which the registrar verifies before granting approval.

Prohibited Relationships and Religious Approval

• Under the Act, relationships falling under “degrees of prohibited relationships” include first cousins and certain extended family members.
• If a couple falls within these categories, they must obtain a certificate from their religious leader affirming that their customs allow such unions.
• The registrar then conducts a summary inquiry to confirm the validity of the certificate and the permissibility of the relationship.
• If customs do not allow it, registration is denied.

Comparison with the Hindu Marriage Act and Other Laws

• The UCC’s approach to prohibited relationships is largely derived from the Hindu Marriage Act (HMA), which prohibits marriage within close family relations unless permitted by custom.
• Similarly, Muslim personal law restricts marriage between individuals related by consanguinity, affinity, or fosterage.
• The UCC follows a similar framework but extends these restrictions to live-in relationships, making registration conditional upon religious sanction in certain cases.

Implications and Exceptions

• According to the UCC Rules Framing Committee, religious approval is required only in rare cases where a pre-existing relationship falls under the prohibited category.
• Since such marriages are uncommon in Uttarakhand, the regulation is expected to impact less than 1% of UCC registrations.
• However, communities where such marriages are customary can still register their relationships by providing the required religious certificate.
• This ensures flexibility while maintaining societal norms.

2. Telangana’s Caste Survey

Context

● The Telangana government released the findings of its Socio-Economic, Educational, Employment, Political, and Caste Survey, revealing that Backward Classes (BCs) constitute 56.33% of the state’s population.

 

Analysis of the news:

Backward Classes: Majority Population in Telangana

• The recent Socio-Economic, Educational, Employment, Political, and Caste Survey in Telangana reveals that Backward Classes (BCs) constitute 56.33% of the state’s population, amounting to 1.99 crore people.
• Among them, BC Muslims form 10.08% of the total population.
• The survey data highlights the demographic dominance of BCs, which will play a crucial role in shaping welfare policies.

Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Castes

• The survey finds that Scheduled Castes (SCs) make up 17.43% (61.84 lakh), while Scheduled Tribes (STs) account for 10.45% (37.05 lakh) of Telangana’s population.
• Other Castes (OCs) constitute 15.79% (44.21 lakh), indicating a more balanced caste distribution compared to many other

Muslim Population and Caste Classification

• Telangana’s Muslim population stands at 12.56% (44.57 lakh). Within this, BC Muslims form the majority at 10.08%, while OC Muslims make up 2.48%.
• The data suggests that a substantial section of the Muslim community falls within the backward class category, influencing social and political considerations.

3. Panchayat Devolution Index 2024

Context

● The Union Ministry of Panchayati Raj released the 2024 Panchayat Devolution Index (PDI), highlighting state-wise performance, representation patterns, and key challenges in the devolution of powers and responsibilities to panchayats across India.

Analysis of the news:

Top Performers and Improvements

• The 2024 Panchayat Devolution Index (PDI), developed by the Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA), highlights Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu as the top performers in devolution of powers to panchayats.
• Uttar Pradesh and Bihar recorded the most significant improvements.
• The index, based on six parameters—framework, functions, finances, functionaries, capacity building, and accountability—shows a modest national average increase from 92 (2013-14) to 43.89 (2024).

 

• However, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, and Jharkhand rank lowest, with Manipur, Arunachal, and Haryana showing the biggest declines.

Representation and Inclusivity Challenges

• The representation of marginalized groups remains uneven.
• While Odisha leads with 51% women representation, Uttar Pradesh trails at 33.33% due to a lower reservation threshold.
• The national average for women representatives rose marginally to 44% in 2024. For marginalized communities, Punjab leads in SC representation (36.34%), Chhattisgarh in ST representation (41.04%), and Bihar in OBC representation (39.02%).
• However, disparities persist, with some states lagging in meeting reservation thresholds.

Infrastructure and Funding Constraints

• Inadequate infrastructure and inconsistent funding continue to hinder panchayats.
• Of the ₹47,018 crore allocated by states in 2023-24, only ₹10,761 crore was released by November 2023.
• Infrastructure gaps are stark, with only seven states and UTs reporting 100% pucca panchayat buildings, while Arunachal Pradesh (5%) and Odisha (12%) lag significantly.
• Digital connectivity also remains a challenge—while 14 states and UTs reported 100% internet access, Haryana reported zero and Arunachal just 1% internet access in panchayats.

Way Forward

For strengthening local governance, states must ensure:

• Timely fund releases and consistent financial support.
• Universal digital infrastructure and internet connectivity in panchayats.
• Enhanced capacity building and training programs for local representatives.
• Strict adherence to reservation policies for better gender and social inclusivity.

A balanced devolution of powers, coupled with adequate infrastructure and inclusive representation, is essential for empowering panchayats and realizing the vision of grassroots democracy in India.

4. Surveillance capitalism

Context

● The rise of digital platforms has led to surveillance capitalism, where personal data is extracted and monetized. ● This raises concerns over privacy, autonomy, and corporate control.

 

Understanding Surveillance Capitalism

• Surveillance capitalism is an economic system where companies collect, analyze, and sell personal data to predict and influence human behavior.
• Social media platforms and tech companies track online activities and use the data for targeted advertisements and content recommendations.
• This system has reshaped capitalism by making human experience a source of profit.

How It Works

• Unlike traditional capitalism, which focuses on goods and services, surveillance capitalism extracts behavioral data to drive profit.
• Companies use this data to create detailed user profiles and sell them to advertisers, political campaigns, and businesses.
• Search engines, social media, and e-commerce platforms track every click, purchase, and even offline movements to refine predictive models.

Instrumentarian Power and Behavior Control

• Surveillance capitalism does not rely on force but uses predictive analytics and recommendation algorithms to influence behavior.
• Personalized advertisements, news feeds, and video suggestions guide users toward certain actions, often without them realizing it.
• This level of control makes people more predictable economic actors, benefiting corporations at the cost of individual autonomy.

Comparison with Industrial Capitalism

• Industrial capitalism focused on material goods and labor, while surveillance capitalism profits from human experience and online activity.
• In industrial capitalism, efficiency and productivity were key, but surveillance capitalism aims to control user engagement for maximum profit.
• Algorithms are designed to keep users online longer, increasing data collection and advertising revenue.

Involvement of Governments

• Governments collaborate with tech companies to access personal data for security and intelligence purposes.
• Instead of creating independent surveillance networks, authorities obtain data from private companies through legal and extra-legal means.
• This partnership raises concerns about privacy, as corporate and state interests align, reducing public accountability.

Threats to Personal Freedom

• Surveillance capitalism weakens personal autonomy by conditioning people’s preferences and choices through algorithmic manipulation.
• Constant monitoring and data collection influence decision-making in subtle ways, often prioritizing corporate interests over individual freedom.
• The 2014 misuse of social media data for political advertising revealed how personal data can be exploited to shape democratic outcomes.

Regulatory Challenges

• Laws like the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and India’s Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA) aim to enhance data privacy.
• However, these regulations do not stop the core practice of turning personal information into a commodity.
• Tech companies and political leaders often resist stronger regulations, as surveillance capitalism benefits them financially and politically.

Need for Awareness and Policy Changes

• As technology becomes more integrated into daily life, the risks of surveillance capitalism must be addressed.

Stronger laws and better oversight are needed to protect privacy and prevent excessive corporate control

Social Justice

1. Gap between ‘street maths’ and ‘school maths’ – study

Context

●  A recent study by Nobel laureates Esther Duflo and Abhijit Banerjee, along with other researchers, highlights a stark contrast between real-world and academic mathematical skills among Indian children.

 

Analysis of the news:

Key Findings of the Study

• Child vendors adeptly solve complex market calculations mentally but struggle with basic school mathematics, whereas schoolchildren excel in textbook-based math but fail in practical scenarios.

Methodology and Observations

Researchers studied 1,436 child vendors in Delhi and Kolkata markets and 471 school-going children. They found:

• 95%-99% of working children solved real-world transaction problems mentally and with speed.
• Only 15%-32% could correctly perform similar calculations in a school-style format.
• Schoolchildren performed well in structured tests but faltered in practical market calculations.

Causes of the Learning Gap

• Rigid Curriculum: Indian pedagogy emphasizes rote learning and algorithmic approaches over conceptual understanding.
• Lack of Integration: School mathematics remains disconnected from real-life applications, leading to ineffective learning transfer.
• Different Learning Approaches: Market children use mental shortcuts, while schoolchildren depend on multi-step written calculations.

Global Perspective

• Similar trends have been noted in other countries, such as Brazil and France, where abstract teaching methods hinder practical application.
• Singapore’s education system attempts to integrate practical and theoretical math, though its success remains debated.

Need for Curriculum Reform

To bridge the gap, Indian education must:

• Integrate real-world problem-solving in early education.
• Encourage interactive, application-based learning through activities and games.
• Shift from rote memorization to conceptual, intuitive understanding of math.

Conclusion

• The study underscores the urgency of reforming India’s mathematics curriculum to blend intuitive market skills with structured school learning, ensuring that children develop both theoretical knowledge and practical numeracy skills.

2. What ails India’s massive diagnostics sector

Context

● Shankar Dhange has been fighting against the private diagnostics sector in Maharashtra after his sister’s death, allegedly caused by incorrect test results before her surgery. ● The case highlights the problem of unqualified personnel signing off on medical tests, which can lead to wrong treatments and complications.

 

Background and Problem in the Diagnostics Sector

• The diagnostics sector in India is facing a significant crisis due to the rapid expansion of medical laboratories and diagnostic facilities.
• There are approximately 300,000 labs across India, contributing to about 9% of the healthcare industry.
• This sector is estimated to be worth ₹860 billion in 2024 and projected to reach ₹1,275 billion by 2028.
• Despite this growth, the sector remains under-regulated, fragmented, and predominantly biased toward urban areas.

Regulatory Framework and Challenges

• The Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act, 2010, aims to regulate diagnostic centers by ensuring registration and setting minimum standards.
• As of now, only 12 states and Union Territories, excluding Delhi, have adopted the Act. Some states like Kerala and Karnataka have their own regulations, but implementation has been poor.
• The sector remains fragmented with many small, unorganised labs that lack accreditation, leading to varying quality standards.

Shortage of Skilled Manpower

• A significant shortage of trained doctors and lab technicians affects the quality of services in diagnostic centers.
• Accredited labs are required to have full-time technicians, but many smaller labs cannot afford such staff, leading to unreliable results.
• Research shows a lack of microbiologists and trained personnel in some areas, exacerbating the problem.

Ghost Pathologists and Fraudulent Practices

• The shortage of qualified pathologists leads to practices where lab reports may be signed off by ghost pathologists or even by unqualified staff, sometimes in exchange for money.
• This is a widespread issue across many states, with “technician-only” labs being run by non-qualified personnel in some places.

Urban-Rural Divide

• A significant disparity exists in the availability of diagnostic facilities between urban and rural areas.
• Despite nearly 70% of the population living in rural areas, only 24% of diagnostics revenue comes from these regions.
• Government-run labs are under-equipped and have limited operational hours, forcing patients to rely on expensive private labs.

Pricing and Affordability

• The private diagnostics sector is also marked by high pricing, though government initiatives in states like Telangana and Kerala are addressing these issues.
• For example, Telangana’s ‘T-Diagnostics’ initiative has saved patients over ₹1,100 crore by providing affordable tests, but logistical challenges persist.

Problems Faced by Smaller Labs

• Many small labs face difficulties due to regulatory requirements regarding space and educational qualifications.
• In states like Kerala and Tamil Nadu, small labs struggle to meet the minimum standards required by law.
• Lab associations are asking for relaxed rules regarding space requirements and better training programs for technicians from outside the state.

Sector’s Desire for Standardization

• While the diagnostics sector is fragmented, there is a strong desire for better regulation and standardization.
• Associations are calling for stricter licensing and accreditation mandates, better supervision by qualified pathologists, and mandatory adherence to quality standards in testing, reporting, and sample collection.

Conclusion

• The diagnostics sector faces major challenges such as under-regulation, a shortage of qualified personnel, and widespread fraudulent practices.
• These issues directly impact patient health and safety by leading to inaccurate diagnoses and improper treatments.

3. Should a third language be compulsory?

Context

● The Centre and Tamil Nadu government are in disagreement over the three-language policy in schools under the New Education Policy (NEP), 2020.

 

Background

• The Union government has linked compliance with the policy to the release of funds under the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan.
• The Tamil Nadu government views this as an attempt to impose Hindi and insists on continuing with its two-language policy of Tamil and English.

Constitutional Provisions

• Hindi is the official language of the Union, while English continues to be used for official purposes under the Official Languages Act, 1963.
• States can adopt Hindi or any regional language as their official language.
• The Constitution mandates the Union to promote Hindi as a medium of expression across India.

The Three-Language Formula

• Introduced in the 1968 NEP, the policy mandated Hindi in non-Hindi-speaking states, leading to protests in Tamil Nadu.
• Tamil Nadu has continued with its two-language policy.
• NEP 2020 retains the three-language formula but allows states, regions, and students to choose their languages, provided at least two are native to India.

Challenges in Education

• The Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) highlights poor learning outcomes among students.
• In 2022, 60% of Class V students could not read a Class II-level text.
• In 2023, 25% of youth (14-18 years) struggled with reading in their regional language, while over 40% could not read English sentences.
• Foundational numeracy skills like subtraction and division remain weak.

Financial Constraints in Education

• According to the Ministry of Education (2022), 85% of elementary education expenditure is borne by states, while the Centre contributes 15%.
• Total education spending (elementary, secondary, higher, and technical) is around 4-4.5% of GDP, below the NEP target of 6%.

Way Forward

• English proficiency has helped India’s global competitiveness, but improving teaching in the mother tongue and foundational numeracy is crucial.
• Private schools teach a third language until Standard VIII, but student proficiency remains limited.
• The 2011 Census shows 26% of Indians are bilingual and 7% trilingual, with higher rates in urban areas.
• Urbanization and migration will likely increase multilingualism in future Censuses.
• Constructive dialogue is needed between the Centre and states to ensure timely funding.
• Greater autonomy for states in school education policy should be considered.

International Relations

 1. Escalation of Conflict in Eastern Congo

Context

The M23 rebels, supported by Rwanda, have escalated their offensive in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).

Conflict in Eastern Congo

• The M23 rebels, backed by Rwanda, have expanded their offensive in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), capturing Goma and advancing south towards Bukavu in South Kivu province.
• This marks a major escalation in a decades-old conflict driven by power struggles, ethnic tensions, and resource control, displacing over one million people and causing widespread devastation.

Current Situation and Military Advances

• The M23 rebels captured Goma on January 28, seizing control of the airport and facing limited resistance from Congolese forces, many of whom surrendered.
• By January 30, they had consolidated control over the city and begun advancing southward into South Kivu, engaging Congolese troops and allied Burundian forces.
• Reports from the UN suggest Rwandan troops have also crossed into South Kivu, raising fears of a broader regional conflict.

Who Are the M23 Rebels?

• M23, named after the March 23, 2009, peace agreement, is a Tutsi-led insurgent group that accuses the Congolese government of failing to integrate Congolese Tutsis into the army and administration.
• It fights primarily against ethnic Hutu militias such as the FDLR, a group formed by Hutus involved in the 1994 Rwandan genocide.
• Since 2022, M23 has held Rubaya, a coltan-mining region, generating nearly $800,000 per month through mining taxes.

About Democratic Republic of Congo

The DRC is 2nd largest country in Africa and the 11th largest in the world. ●  It has a small coastline with the Atlantic Ocean. DRC is bounded to the north by the Central African Republic and South Sudan; to the east by Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania; to the southeast by Zambia; and to the southwest by Angola. Kinshasa, the capital of the DRC, is located on the Congo River, the only river to cross the equator twice in Africa. ● The official language is French, but other languages include Kituba, Lingala, Swahili, and Tshiluba. ●  Katanga Plateau is considered to be a rich mining region, which supplies cobalt, copper, tin, radium, uranium, and diamonds.

 

Rwanda’s Role and Regional Implications

• The DRC, UN, and Western nations have accused Rwanda of directly supporting M23, citing a 2022 UN report with evidence of Rwandan troops fighting alongside the rebels.
• Rwanda denies these claims, arguing that its actions are defensive and accusing the DRC of collaborating with the FDLR, which threatens Tutsi communities.
• The conflict risks escalating into a regional war involving multiple countries, deepening instability in Central Africa

 

PYQ: Consider the following pairs: (2023) Regions often mentioned in news            Reasons for being in news 1)      North Kivu and Ituri        War between Armenia and Azerbaijan 2)      Nagorno – Karabakh      Insurgency in Mozambique 3)      Kherson and Zaporizhzhia           Dispute between Israel and Lebanon How many of the pairs given above is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Ans. (d)

 

2. The beggar-thy-neighbour policies

Context

The news discusses beggar-thy-neighbour policies, where countries impose protectionist measures like tariffs and currency devaluation to boost their economies, often triggering global trade conflicts.

 

Meaning of Beggar-Thy-Neighbour Policies

• Beggar-thy-neighbour policies are protectionist economic policies that benefit a country’s economy at the expense of other countries.
• A common example is a trade war, where a country imposes heavy tariffs and strict quotas on imports to protect domestic industries.
• Central banks may also engage in currency wars by devaluing their domestic currency to make exports cheaper and imports more expensive.

Origins of the Concept

● The term was first used by Scottish economist Adam Smith in his 1776 book The Wealth of Nations. ● He criticized mercantilists who supported trade barriers to achieve a trade surplus, believing it impoverished other nations. ● Smith argued that free trade benefits all nations in the long run.

Arguments in Favor of Beggar-Thy-Neighbour Policies

• Supporters claim these policies help domestic industries by shielding them from foreign competition.
• Governments justify protectionism for national security and to nurture industries in their early stages.
• Currency devaluation can boost exports by making them cheaper and reduce imports by making them more expensive.
• A trade surplus resulting from higher exports and lower imports is seen as beneficial to a nation’s economy.

Criticism of Beggar-Thy-Neighbour Policies

• Critics argue that these policies can harm all nations, especially when countries retaliate with their own trade barriers.
• Trade wars and currency devaluations in the 1930s contributed to the Great Depression by reducing global trade and investment.
• In recent times, countries like China and Japan have been accused of devaluing their currencies to gain a trade advantage.
• The rise of populist policies, such as those under former U.S. President Donald Trump, has increased concerns over renewed trade wars.

Impact on Consumers and Producers

• These policies mainly benefit domestic producers who hold political influence.
• Consumers suffer as tariffs increase prices by restricting foreign supplies.
• Currency devaluation reduces the purchasing power of domestic consumers, making goods more expensive.

Conclusion

• Beggar-thy-neighbour policies provide short-term economic advantages but often trigger retaliatory measures, harming global trade and economic stability.
• Sustainable growth requires balanced trade policies, international cooperation, and prioritizing consumer welfare over protectionist measures.

3. U.S. sovereign wealth fund

Context

U.S. President Donald Trump signed an executive order to explore the creation of a U.S. government-owned sovereign wealth fund.

 

What is Sovereign Wealth Fund?

• A Sovereign Wealth Fund (SWF) is a state-owned investment fund used to manage national wealth and assets.
• These funds invest in various assets, including stocks, bonds, real estate, infrastructure, and commodities.
• SWFs are usually created from budgetary surpluses, foreign exchange reserves, natural resource revenues, or trade surpluses.
• They aim to stabilize the economy, generate long-term returns, and support national development.
• Countries like Norway, China, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE have some of the largest SWFs.
• The Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global is the world’s largest SWF, managing over $1.4 trillion in assets.
• In the Indian context, the National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF) can be called India’s sovereign wealth fund, aimed at boosting infrastructure investment and attracting long-term capital for economic growth.

4. Trump or BRICS? The quandary for Africa’s governments

Context

The article discusses Africa’s mineral wealth, the impact of U.S. trade policies under Donald Trump, and the continent’s struggle to choose between global powers for resource development.

The U.S. Trade Policies and Africa’s Dilemma

• President Donald Trump’s trade approach, including tariffs, creates a situation where countries must choose between supporting the U.S. or aligning with China and the BRICS nations.
• African countries, rich in minerals, face a dilemma.
• They want to develop their resources but also wish to stay neutral in this global divide.

Africa’s Mineral Wealth

• Africa holds significant global mineral reserves.
• This includes 20% of the world’s copper, 50% of manganese and cobalt, 90% of platinum group metals, and valuable reserves of lithium, uranium, gold, and rare earths.
• These resources will be highly important in the future, especially with the energy transition and increasing global demand for these minerals.

Challenges in Resource Development

• Despite its wealth, Africa faces many challenges in resource development.
• Issues like political instability, corruption, poor infrastructure, lack of capital, and weak legal frameworks make long-term investment difficult.
• As global demand for minerals grows, Africa will likely have more power in determining how its resources are used. However, finding the right partners remains a key challenge.

Western Investments vs. China’s Approach

• Western countries, especially the U.S., offer capital, expertise, and experience in mining.
• But Trump’s tariffs and threats to cut aid make working with the U.S. harder for African nations.
• Trump’s “winner-takes-all” approach to global relations makes it more difficult for African countries to get mutually beneficial deals with the U.S.

Africa’s Growing Independence in Resource Management

• South Africa’s Resources Minister Gwede Mantashe suggested that Africa should withhold minerals from the U.S. if aid is reduced. He argued that Africa should not be treated as a beggar.
• This reflects a desire for Africa to take control of its resources and use them to drive industrialization and development, rather than follow the dictates of external powers.

China’s Role and Its Impact on Africa

• China has been heavily investing in Africa’s mining sector.
• However, China prefers to use its own workforce and processes. It also exports raw ores to process them in China, limiting the benefits for African countries.
• There is potential for African nations to introduce laws that require foreign companies to process minerals locally. This could ensure that Africa benefits more from its resources.

Conclusion

• Africa’s mineral-rich resources position it as a key player in global trade.
• The continent must strategically choose between Western and China-led trade blocs to secure sustainable economic development.

5. Trump’s Middle East Plan

Context

U.S. President Donald Trump made major policy announcements on the Middle East.

Implications for Palestine and Gaza

• Trump’s proposal to relocate Palestinians from Gaza challenges established international norms and UN resolutions supporting Palestinian self-determination.
• His assertion that Gazans do not wish to return contradicts on-ground evidence of displaced residents returning despite severe destruction.
• The idea of turning Gaza into the “Riviera of the Middle East” mirrors previous proposals that disregard Palestinian rights and historical grievances.

US “Ownership” of Gaza: A New Diplomatic Stance

• Trump’s language of the US “owning” Gaza reflects a transactional real-estate perspective rather than a diplomatic or humanitarian approach.
• This marks a departure from his earlier “Peace to Prosperity” plan, which at least nominally considered a Palestinian state, albeit with severe restrictions.
• The proposal aligns closely with Israeli interests, particularly those of Netanyahu’s right-wing coalition, which seeks territorial expansion and the eradication of Hamas.

Resistance from Jordan and Egypt

• Both Jordan and Egypt have consistently rejected any plans to resettle Palestinians, citing national security, demographic risks, and political stability.
• Jordan, already hosting a significant Palestinian population, views forced migration as a direct threat, with officials calling it a “declaration of war.”
• Similarly, Egypt fears political backlash and internal instability, given its history with the Muslim Brotherhood and its delicate regional position.

Maximum Pressure on Iran: Strategic and Economic Ramifications

• Trump’s reimposition of sanctions and designation of the Houthis as a terrorist organization signal a return to aggressive US policies toward Iran.
• However, this approach contradicts the recent warming of Gulf-Iran relations, with Saudi Arabia and the UAE engaging in economic and military cooperation with Tehran.
• Renewed US sanctions could disrupt these regional alignments, potentially straining emerging diplomatic ties.

Uncertain Future for US Middle East Policy

• Trump’s rhetoric introduces unpredictability into an already volatile region. His stance on the two-state solution remains unclear, and his proposals for Gaza challenge international legal norms.
• Additionally, his policies on Iran may disrupt the current regional balance, as Gulf states are increasingly seeking diplomatic solutions rather than confrontation.
• The broader implications of these shifts will depend on whether these proposals materialize into concrete US policy or remain political rhetoric.

Conclusion: Trump’s proposals mark a significant shift in U.S. Middle East policy, risking regional instability, undermining international law, and complicating diplomatic efforts, while facing strong resistance from key Arab states.

6. Iran’s currency plunges

Context

Iran’s currency, the rial, hit a record low of 850,000 rials to $1 on Wednesday.

 

Analysis of the news:

• S. President Donald Trump signed an order to restart the “maximum pressure” campaign on Iran.
• The order includes halting Iran’s oil exports and pushing for UN sanctions.
• Trump also hinted at wanting to negotiate a deal with Iran rather than imposing full sanctions.
• Iranian officials are waiting for a message from Trump on nuclear talks.
• Ordinary Iranians are worried about the impact on their daily lives and freedom.
• Iranian state media have praised Trump’s moves, seeing them as weakening opposition groups.
• The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) budget cuts could affect funding for Iranian activists and opposition figures.

What is “maximum pressure” policy?

●  The “maximum pressure” policy is a strategy where a country applies heavy economic and diplomatic sanctions to force another nation to change its behavior. ● The “maximum pressure” policy against Iran involves imposing severe economic sanctions, particularly targeting its oil exports, banking, and key industries. ● The goal is to force Iran to halt its nuclear activities and curb its influence in the region. ● The policy includes withdrawing from international agreements, such as the nuclear deal, and reinstating sanctions that were previously lifted. ● The aim is to pressure Iran into negotiating a new deal that addresses broader concerns, including nuclear weapons and regional stability. ● Critics argue that it harms the Iranian population while failing to bring the desired change in Iran’s policies.

 

7. ‘Iraq restoration work brought back Mosul’s identity’

Context

UNESCO has successfully restored several important heritage sites in Mosul, including the Al-Nuri Mosque, churches, and heritage houses, rebuilding the city’s cultural identity after ISIS destruction.

Al-Nuri Mosque and Al-Hadba Minaret:

• Built over 850 years ago, this mosque was a key religious and historical site.
• The iconic leaning minaret, “Al-Hadba” or “hunchback,” was destroyed by ISIS in 2017.
• Restoration used 45,000 original bricks and traditional techniques, restoring Mosul’s cultural identity.

Al-Tahira Church:

• A significant Christian heritage site damaged during the battle to reclaim Mosul from ISIS.
• Restoration focused on preserving its architecture and cultural value.

Our Lady of the Hour Church:

• Another key Christian monument in Mosul, damaged by ISIS.
• Restoration is part of UNESCO’s broader initiative to preserve Christian heritage and cultural identity.

Heritage Houses:

• UNESCO restored 124 heritage houses in Mosul’s Old City.
• These homes represented the city’s diverse cultural and architectural legacy before their destruction.

8. G20 Boycott

Context

US Secretary of State Marco Rubio announced he would not attend the G20 Foreign Ministers’ meeting in Johannesburg, citing concerns over South Africa’s policies.

What is G20?

The G20 is an informal group of 19 countries and the European Union, with representatives of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

The G20 membership comprises a mix of the world’s largest advanced and emerging economies, Together, the G20 members represent more than 80% of world GDP, 75% of international trade and 60% of the world population.

South Africa’s Case Against Israel at ICJ

• The core reason behind Rubio’s announcement appears to be South Africa’s genocide case against Israel at the International Court of Justice (ICJ).
• Many US Republicans, including Senator Lindsey Graham, have opposed the ICJ’s proceedings, viewing them as biased.
• South Africa, along with Malaysia, has formed a “Hague Group” to support the ICJ and counter potential US sanctions against the court.
• This legal and diplomatic stance has further strained US-South Africa relations.

Targeting the ICC and ICJ: US-Israel Nexus

• The US has historically opposed international legal action against Israel, with Trump’s first administration imposing sanctions on the International Criminal Court (ICC).
• While Biden reversed these measures, the US reconsidered its stance after ICC announced investigations into both Israeli and Hamas leaders.
• The recent US House bill (H.R. 8282), which proposes new sanctions on the ICC, reflects ongoing efforts to shield Israel from international legal scrutiny.

G20 and the Future of US Engagement

• Rubio’s boycott raises questions about the US commitment to the G20 under Trump’s leadership.
• South Africa currently chairs the G20, and Trump’s past interactions with the group have been marked by isolationist policies and trade disputes.
• The uncertainty over Trump 2.0’s stance on multilateralism could impact G20’s effectiveness, potentially increasing Russian and Chinese influence if the US distances itself.

India’s Concerns and Strategic Implications

• India has positioned the G20 as a key forum for addressing global challenges and has benefited from its leadership in the Global South.
• Under Biden, India’s G20 presidency in 2023 received strong US support, reinforcing India’s diplomatic role.
• However, a Trump administration’s transactional approach could undermine India’s Global South strategy if Washington deprioritizes multilateral engagement.

Conclusion:

• If the US withdraws from G20 leadership, it could weaken the institution and shift global influence toward Russia and China.
• Alternatively, Rubio’s announcement may be a negotiation tactic, pressuring South Africa to soften its stance on Israel.
• India must navigate these shifts carefully, balancing its Global South leadership with its strategic partnerships with both the US and G20 members.

PYQ: In which one of the following groups are all four countries members of G20? (UPSC Prelims 2020) Argentina, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey Australia, Canada, Malaysia and New Zealand Brazil, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam Indonesia, Japan, Singapore and South Korea Answer: (a)

9. ‘Dunki Routes’

Context

The recent deportation of 104 undocumented Indian immigrants from the US has sparked political controversy in India.

 

The Growing Trend of ‘Dunki Routes’

• Once prevalent in Punjab and Haryana, illegal migration via the dunki route is now expanding to Gujarat.
• Among the deportees, 33 were from Gujarat and Haryana each, and 30 from Punjab.
• Agents facilitate these perilous journeys, often charging exorbitant fees ranging from ₹30-40 lakh to ₹1 crore per person.

Illegal Route via South America

• Migrants typically begin their journey by entering Latin American countries with easier visa policies, such as Ecuador, Bolivia, and Guyana.
• Some agents also arrange Mexican visas via Dubai, though this route is riskier due to strict border controls.
• Once in Latin America, migrants are transported through multiple countries, eventually reaching Mexico before attempting to cross into the US.

High-Risk Journey to the US

• The most treacherous part of the journey involves crossing the Darién Gap, a dense jungle between Colombia and Panama, rife with wild animals, criminal gangs, and high risks of robbery and assault.
• Migrants must traverse multiple Central American countries, often facing arrests, deportations, or fatal accidents along the way.
• Many use ladders to scale border fences or cross the Rio Grande river to enter the US, where they are detained by American authorities.

Alternative Routes and Future Risks

• Some migrants bypass the Darién Gap by traveling via San Andrés in Colombia and then taking boats to Nicaragua.
• Others enter Europe first before flying to Mexico. The choice of route depends on agents’ connections and the level of scrutiny at different borders.
• Any crackdown on the existing routes could lead to the emergence of new, equally dangerous pathways.

10. Israel PM supported Trump’s Gaza relocation plan

Context

● Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu has supported U.S. President Trump’s Gaza relocation plan. ● Netanyahu emphasised the challenge of finding a host country.

U.S. President Donald Trump’s Gaza Plan

• Objective: Proposes the relocation of over two million Palestinians from Gaza to other countries while redeveloping the region.
• Global Backlash: The plan has been widely criticized, particularly in the Arab world, for violating Palestinian rights and destabilizing the region.
• Saudi-Israel Relations: It threatens Saudi Arabia’s potential normalization of ties with Israel, as Riyadh insists on Palestinian statehood before recognition.
• Impact on Neighboring Countries: Egypt and Jordan could face instability if large numbers of displaced Gazans seek refuge there.
• Saudi Response: The Saudi Foreign Ministry quickly rejected the plan, emphasizing its opposition to forced displacement of Palestinians.
• S.-Saudi Relations: Riyadh remains reliant on U.S. security guarantees but is unlikely to follow Washington’s lead without concessions.
• Israeli Support: Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu endorsed the plan, stating Israel is willing to “do the job” in implementing it.
• Regional Stability: The plan risks fueling anti-American sentiment and further destabilizing West Asia.

 

11. US-South Africa Clash Over Land Expropriation

Context

US Secretary of State Marco Rubio announced he would not attend the G20 summit in Johannesburg, citing concerns over South Africa’s Expropriation Act, 2024.

 

Analysis of the news:

US-South Africa Dispute Over Land Expropriation

• The Act allows the government to acquire private property without consent for public purposes.
• US President Donald Trump further criticized South Africa, threatening to cut aid, while South African President Cyril Ramaphosa defended the Act as a constitutional and equitable process.

Historical Context of Land Expropriation

• Compulsory land acquisition, or eminent domain, has roots in European colonization.
• Dutch scholar Hugo Grotius introduced the idea in 1625, arguing that the state holds ultimate ownership of land for public utility.
• This principle was codified in various laws, including India’s Land Acquisition Act, 1894, and South Africa’s Expropriation Act, 1975.

Evolution of Property Rights

• The concept of private property rights emerged with the Magna Carta in 1215, which restricted the King from arbitrarily seizing land. This principle influenced later legal frameworks.
• The US Constitution’s Fifth Amendment (1791) requires “just compensation” for seized land. South Africa’s Constitution (Section 25) similarly mandates compensation for expropriation.

• In India, property was initially a fundamental right under Articles 19 and 31 but was downgraded in 1978 to Article 300A, allowing acquisition only through legal authority.

 

12. India-France AI Summit

Context

● French President Emmanuel Macron, emphasizing France’s role in world affairs, is set to fulfill his vision by chairing the AI Action Summit in Paris on February 11. ● He has invited Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi to co-chair the event, recognizing India’s expanding role in AI governance and emerging technologies.

India’s Recognition in AI Leadership

• The invitation underscores India’s strategic approach to AI and its growing influence in global tech policy.
• Unlike China, a dominant force in AI, France’s choice of India reflects shared values and a commitment to ethical AI development.
• The partnership builds on decades of collaboration, dating back to President Jacques Chirac’s 1998 call for a “21st-century partnership” with India.

AI Summit’s Global Cooperation and Goals

• The Paris AI Summit follows AI conferences in the UK (November 2023) and South Korea (May 2024).
• These earlier summits produced the Bletchley Park Declaration and the Seoul Declaration, both reinforcing global AI safety and governance.

The Paris Summit will focus on:

• Public Interest AI
• Future of Work
• Innovation and Culture
• Trust in AI
• Global AI Governance

It will leverage multilateral efforts, including the UN, OECD, G7, G20, and the Global Partnership on AI (GPAI), ensuring AI benefits are equitably distributed, particularly in the Global South.

India’s AI Strategy and Global Advocacy

India will highlight its ₹10,371 crore IndiaAI Mission, emphasizing “Making AI in India and for India.” Key priorities include:

• Leading GPAI to shape global AI governance.
• Bridging the AI divide, ensuring accessibility for developing nations.
• Championing Global South priorities, advocating for fair AI policies.

India-France Strategic Partnership and Defence Ties

India and France share a long-standing strategic partnership, expanding from defence and security to technology, trade, and sustainability. Their defence cooperation includes:

• Rafale fighter jets and Scorpene submarines under the “Make in India” framework.
• Co-development of next-gen fighter jet engines and DRDO’s new office in Paris.

The two nations also collaborate on space, nuclear energy, renewable energy, and innovation.

Strengthening Bilateral Ties During Modi’s Visit

• Prime Minister Modi’s visit will see the unveiling of the India-France Innovation Year 2026 logo, the inauguration of a new Indian Consulate in Marseille, and an India-France CEOs’ forum.
• The leaders will also explore Indo-Pacific development projects and visit the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) facilities, reinforcing cooperation in fusion energy.

Enduring Diplomatic Relations

• India-France ties are built on strategic autonomy and mutual respect. France has consistently supported India, including refusing to condemn India post-Pokhran II nuclear tests (1998) and engaging diplomatically during challenging global scenarios.
• Their durable partnership continues to evolve, positioning both nations as key players in AI, defence, and global governance.

India’s Growing Influence in AI Governance

● India has been an active participant in global AI discussions. ● The country played a key role in the Bletchley Park meeting, which focused on frontier AI models and safety concerns, and in the Seoul summit, which emphasised multilateral collaboration on AI risk management. ● India’s establishment of its own AI Safety Institute aligns with these global efforts, demonstrating its commitment to AI safety and governance. ● Beyond safety, India has been a strong advocate for the Global South, emphasising equitable access to AI infrastructure. ● Under its presidency of the G20 in 2023, India promoted a ‘pro-innovation regulatory/governance approach’ that sought to balance innovation with necessary safeguards. ● Similarly, at the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) meeting in December 2023, India highlighted the importance of equitable access to AI research and innovation resources. ● These initiatives underscore India’s ambition to shape the global AI discourse, ensuring that developing nations are not left behind.

 

12. India-France Deepen Strategic Partnership

Context

India and France held bilateral discussions between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and French President Emmanuel Macron, leading to several key agreements aimed at deepening their strategic partnership.

India-France Strategic Partnership: Key Outcomes

1. Strengthening Nuclear Cooperation

• India and France reaffirmed their commitment to civil nuclear energy as a key element of energy security and a low-carbon future.
• Discussions centered around the Jaitapur nuclear power plant, Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), and enhanced nuclear professional training through bilateral agreements.

2. Defence and Security Collaboration

Both nations reinforced defence ties under the 2024 Defence Industrial Roadmap. Key agreements included:

• Submarine Cooperation: Progress in the Scorpene submarine project, with integration of DRDO’s Air Independent Propulsion (AIP)
• Missile and Engine Development: Ongoing discussions on helicopter engines, jet engines, and missile systems in collaboration with Safran Group.
• Military Equipment Partnership: India invited France to explore the Pinaka MBRL system, and France included India as an observer in the Eurodrone MALE program.

3. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Roadmap

• Building on the AI Action Summit in Paris, both nations launched an India-France AI Roadmap, emphasizing safe, open, and trustworthy AI development.

4. Expanding Economic and Technological Cooperation

• Strengthening Indo-Pacific Triangular Development Cooperation for climate and SDG-focused projects.
• France’s Proparco investing 13 million euros in Indian microfinance institutions for financial inclusion and women empowerment.
• Supporting 10 Indian startups at French incubator Station F and expanding UPI usage in France.

5. Cultural and Historical Engagement

• Prime Minister Modi and President Macron jointly inaugurated the Indian Consulate in Marseille and honored Indian soldiers of World War I at Mazargues War Cemetery, reinforcing historical ties.

Conclusion: The agreements highlight a deepening strategic partnership, expanding across nuclear energy, defence, AI, and economic collaboration, positioning India and France as key global allies.

13. India Seeks Increased LNG Imports from the US

Context

●  With the Trump administration prioritizing US energy production and exports, India’s state-owned oil and gas firms—GAIL, IOC, and BPCL—are actively negotiating increased LNG imports from American suppliers. ● These discussions align with India’s long-term strategy to secure affordable energy and diversify its import sources.

Strategic Energy Discussions During Modi’s US Visit

• Higher LNG imports from the US may be a key agenda item in PM Modi’s upcoming visit to Washington.
• The India Energy Week in Delhi will also serve as a platform for Indian and US firms to negotiate long-term LNG contracts, benefiting from Trump’s recent reversal of the Biden-era ban on new US LNG export permits.

Economic and Trade Implications

• Increasing US LNG imports not only supports India’s energy security but also helps reduce its trade surplus with the US.
• Given Trump’s tough stance on trade and tariffs, higher energy purchases from Washington could ease trade tensions and strengthen economic ties.
• Other nations have also signaled interest in buying more US LNG to balance their trade with America.

India’s LNG Demand and Diversification Strategy

• India, already a top global LNG importer, aims to increase natural gas’s share in its energy mix to 15% by 2030 (from the current 6%).
• As domestic gas production remains limited, LNG imports are expected to drive this growth, prompting India to expand its LNG import and regasification capacity.

Indian Oil Firms’ Approach to US LNG

• Indian firms are looking for long-term LNG contracts and may invest in US LNG projects for financial and supply security benefits.
• Currently, GAIL has contracts for 5.8 million tonnes per year of US LNG, but Qatar remains India’s primary supplier.
• LNG from Qatar is oil-price-linked, whereas US LNG is linked to Henry Hub prices, making a diversified contract portfolio essential to manage price volatility.

 

14. How will freeze on USAID affect the world?

Context

● The U.S. administration has issued a 90-day freeze on foreign assistance to assess its efficiency and alignment with foreign policy. ● The freeze has stopped the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) from disbursing aid globally.

 

USAID and Its Functions

● USAID is an independent agency established in 1961 to administer U.S. civilian foreign aid and development assistance. ● It aims to promote democracy, security, and prosperity worldwide. ● It operates in more than 100 countries, providing financial aid in economic development, healthcare, education, food security, humanitarian assistance, climate change, and governance. ● Major initiatives include programs for AIDS relief, hunger and food security, electricity expansion in Africa, and water sanitation improvements. ● In 2024, USAID received $44.20 billion, representing 0.4% of the U.S. federal budget. ● It contributed to nearly 42% of all humanitarian aid tracked by the United Nations in 2024.

Global Impact of the Freeze

• Top countries receiving USAID aid include Ukraine, Ethiopia, Jordan, Somalia, Congo, Afghanistan, Nigeria, Syria, Yemen, and South Sudan.
• The funding freeze could force the cancellation of essential projects, affecting millions of people.
• The United Nations estimates that over six million people could die from HIV/AIDS in the next four years if global funding is cut.
• While aid to Haiti was paused, a waiver allowed $40.7 million to be sent to its police department.
• USAID has stated that exceptions will be made for mission-critical functions, but no details have been provided.
• Reports suggest only 294 of 10,000 employees will remain active, with limited personnel in Africa and Asia.

USAID’s Role in India

• India’s funding from USAID has reduced over the years due to government concerns over grant conditions.
• Over the past decade, India received about $1.5 billion from USAID, accounting for 0.2% to 0.4% of the agency’s total funding.
• USAID’s involvement in India began in 1951, initially focusing on food aid and later expanding to infrastructure, economic reforms, and healthcare.
• In 2024, the agency allocated $79.3 million to healthcare projects in India, including HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, maternal and child health, and immunization.
• While India may not face a significant impact from the freeze, the suspension of USAID projects could affect ongoing healthcare initiatives.
• USAID has directed all organizations in India implementing its projects to suspend operations temporarily.

15. India, 57 countries call for inclusive and sustainable AI

Context

58 countries, including India, China, Brazil, France, and Australia, signed a statement on “Inclusive and Sustainable Artificial Intelligence for People and the Planet.”

Joint Statement on AI

• The statement aims to promote AI accessibility, trust, and safety in its deployment.
• More countries may join after the summit ends.

India and France’s Role

• India and France co-chaired the summit, emphasizing responsible AI development.
• The statement encourages AI innovation while preventing market concentration and promoting industrial recovery.
• It highlights AI’s role in shaping labor markets and future job opportunities.

Context of the Summit

• This is the third such international summit following summits in the U.K. and South Korea.
• The discussions highlighted a divide between regulatory approaches and economic priorities in AI governance.

Focus on Ethical AI and Global Equity

• The statement stresses that AI must be human-centric, ethical, safe, secure, and trustworthy.
• It calls for reducing global inequalities and supporting developing countries in AI capacity-building.
• AI should be used to benefit society while maintaining human rights and ethical standards.

Diverging Views on AI Regulation

• The U.S. and the U.K. did not sign the statement.
• A U.S. representative emphasized AI’s economic opportunities over strict regulations.
• The U.S. believes excessive AI regulations could harm innovation and economic growth.

16. The Modi – Trump Meeting

Context

Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to the Trump White House on February 12-13 marks one of the earliest high-level engagements of Trump’s second term.

Personal Rapport and Strategic Importance

• Modi and Trump share a personal rapport, built through past high-profile visits, such as the Howdy Modi event in Houston (2019) and Trump’s Ahmedabad visit (2020).
• While this relationship can facilitate smoother negotiations, Trump’s second-term agenda is more aggressive, requiring a pragmatic diplomatic approach from India.

Immigration and Deportation Concerns

• The US has begun deporting illegal Indian immigrants, with a recent batch of 104 individuals sent back in shackles, creating a politically sensitive issue for India.
• With over 7.25 lakh illegal Indian immigrants in the US, India seeks humane treatment for deportees while ensuring legal channels for student and work visas remain unaffected.
• Modi is likely to press for better treatment of Indian migrants while maintaining compliance with international law.

Trade Tensions and Tariff Challenges

• Trump’s strong stance on tariffs remains a key concern.
• With a $200 billion bilateral trade relationship, Trump is frustrated by India’s $40-50 billion trade surplus.
• His recent imposition of a 25% tariff on aluminium and steel imports has alarmed Indian industries.
• India has already reduced some tariffs, such as on high-end motorcycles, but a broader trade agreement is needed to balance market access and protectionist policies.

Strategic Alignment on China

• Trump was the first US President to explicitly label China as a strategic threat.
• India shares similar concerns over China’s regional aggression, making strategic cooperation a key agenda item.
• Modi and Trump are expected to discuss deepening the Quad alliance (India, US, Australia, Japan) and enhancing India-US defense ties, particularly in drone technology and other military procurements.

Technology and Critical Sectors Cooperation

• India and the US continue to collaborate on emerging technologies, including AI, space, and quantum computing.
• With China competing fiercely in these sectors, India seeks greater technology-sharing and investment from the US to strengthen its position in the global AI race.

Conclusion:

• Modi’s visit comes at a time of both strategic opportunities and diplomatic challenges.
• While Trump’s transactional approach to trade and immigration poses difficulties, India’s alignment with US strategic interests, particularly concerning China and technology, offers room for deeper cooperation.
• The success of this visit will depend on India’s ability to balance negotiations on trade, defense, and migration while strengthening long-term bilateral ties.

17. PM Modi Highlights Savarkar’s Escape Attempt in Marseille

Context

PM Modi highlighted Veer Savarkar’s attempted escape in Marseille and its significance in India’s freedom struggle.

 

Savarkar’s Attempted Escape

• Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, arrested in London in 1910 for anti-British activities, attempted a daring escape while being transported to India.
• On July 8, 1910, as SS Morea docked in Marseille, he locked himself in a washroom, squeezed through the porthole, and swam ashore.
• However, he was soon caught by the French maritime gendarmerie and handed back to British guards, leading to an international dispute.

Legal Dispute at PCA

• France objected to Savarkar’s return, arguing it was an irregular extradition.
• The case was taken to the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), which ruled on February 24, 1911, that Britain was not obligated to return him to France, as the agents involved had acted in “good faith.”
• This verdict upheld British custody, leading to Savarkar’s trial in India.

Savarkar’s Sentencing and Imprisonment

• Following his return, the Bombay High Court sentenced Savarkar to two life terms of 25 years each.
• On July 4, 1911, he was sent to the Cellular Jail in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, where he endured rigorous imprisonment.

Savarkar’s Perspective on His Escape

• In Mazi Janmathep (1927), later translated as The Story of My Transportation for Life, Savarkar recounted his escape attempt and its aftermath.
• He noted that while it led to heightened security, it also earned him admiration among fellow prisoners and reinforced his image as a determined revolutionary.

18. What is happening in the DRC?

Context

● The M23 militia, supported by Rwanda, has taken control of Goma, a mineral-rich city near the Rwandan border. ● The conflict has now spread towards Bukavu, the capital of South Kivu province.

Historical Background of the Conflict

• The region has faced ethnic conflicts between Hutus and Tutsis since colonial times.
• During colonial rule, administrative roles were given to the Tutsis, leading to resentment among Hutus.
• After independence in 1962, the Hutus came to power, leading to the migration of Tutsis to neighboring countries.

Rwandan Genocide and Its Impact

• A civil war began in 1990 between the Tutsi-led rebel group and the Hutu-led government.
• In 1994, the assassination of two Hutu leaders triggered mass killings, leading to the deaths of around 800,000 Tutsis and some Hutus.
• After the genocide, millions of Hutus fled to eastern DRC, including those responsible for the killings.

Wars and Instability in DRC

• Rwandan forces invaded DRC twice, in 1996 and 1998.
• These conflicts, called the First and Second Congo Wars, led to massive casualties and political instability.
• The Second Congo War involved multiple African nations and resulted in about five million deaths.

Economic Factors Behind the Conflict

• The conflict is not just about ethnic tensions but also about mineral resources.
• DRC has large reserves of Coltan, a crucial metal used in electronic devices.
• Goma’s capture gives M23 control over trade and transport in this mineral-rich region.

Regional Reactions

• The DRC government has called the M23’s actions an act of war.
• Rwanda supports including M23 in peace discussions while denying direct involvement.
• Burundi has warned that the conflict may spread further if not controlled.
• Uganda is maintaining a neutral stance but is involved in military operations targeting militants linked to extremist groups.

19. India, U.S. to double bilateral trade by 2030

Context

●  The recent visit of Prime Minister Narendra Modi to the U.S. included bilateral discussions with President Donald Trump in Washington. ●  Their talks focused on trade, defence, energy cooperation, and strategic partnerships.

Trade Negotiations and Energy Cooperation

India and the U.S. have agreed to negotiate the first part of a trade agreement by autumn 2025.

• India aims to increase energy purchases from the U.S. to address concerns about the trade deficit.
• The two countries have set a target to more than double bilateral trade to $500 billion by 2030 under ‘Mission 500’.
• India is expected to increase its energy imports from the U.S. from $15 bn to $25 bn in the near future.
• Both nations have agreed to collaborate on Small Modular (nuclear) Reactors to strengthen India’s energy security.

Border Issue with China

• The U.S. President has offered to assist India in managing its border tensions with China.

Defence Cooperation and Military Sales

• The U.S. is working towards providing India with F-35 stealth fighter jets in the future.
• A new decade-long framework for defence cooperation has been announced.
• India will procure six additional P-8I Maritime Patrol aircraft to improve surveillance in the Indian Ocean Region.
• The U.S. and India will reopen talks on a Reciprocal Defence Procurement (RDP) agreement to align their defence procurement systems.
• The U.S. will review its International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) to facilitate military technology transfers to India.
• The two sides announced the S.-India COMPACT (Catalysing Opportunities for Military Partnership, Accelerated Commerce & Technology) framework to strengthen cooperation in defence, commerce, and technology.

Technology and Indo-Pacific Security Cooperation

• A new initiative, the Autonomous Systems Industry Alliance, has been launched to enhance underwater domain awareness technologies in the Indo-Pacific.
• The U.S. and India will scale up joint production and partnerships in the Indo-Pacific region.

Conclusion

• The bilateral discussions covered a wide range of topics, including defence, trade, energy, and technology.
• Both countries are working towards strengthening economic ties while addressing security and geopolitical concerns.
• The agreements mark a significant step in deepening India-U.S. cooperation for the future.

20. Trump’s Reciprocal Tariffs

Context

The US, under President Trump, has announced plans to impose reciprocal tariffs, aiming to match the import duties charged by other countries on American goods, potentially disrupting global trade norms.

Understanding Reciprocal Tariffs

• Reciprocal tariffs refer to a system where the US imposes the same level of import duties on foreign goods as the exporting country imposes on US goods.
• This challenges existing trade norms under the WTO, which have historically allowed developing countries to maintain higher tariff barriers for economic protection.
• If implemented, this approach could significantly disrupt global trade flows.

Impact on Free Trade and WTO Norms

• Since World War II, global trade policies have moved towards liberalization, promoting free trade as a mutually beneficial system.
• Under WTO agreements, developing countries like India enjoy “special and differential treatment” to protect their domestic industries.
• Trump’s reciprocal tariffs disregard these exemptions, threatening the carefully balanced international trade system.

Potential Challenges in Implementation

• Calculating reciprocal tariffs is complex, as it involves accounting for government subsidies, tax breaks, and other economic incentives provided to domestic industries.
• If the US factors in these elements while setting tariffs, developing nations like India—which support their industries through subsidies—could face severe tariff hikes, impacting their exports to the US.

Trump’s Motivation Behind the Move

• Trump’s tariff policy stems from his belief that trade deficits are unfair and harm the US economy.
• The US runs a significant trade deficit, particularly with China, and Trump views this as evidence of other nations exploiting American markets.
• By enforcing reciprocal tariffs, he aims to reduce this imbalance either by forcing countries to buy more US goods or compelling foreign businesses to establish manufacturing bases in the US.

Are Trade Deficits Always Harmful?

• While a trade deficit indicates that a country imports more than it exports, it is not necessarily harmful.
• It can reflect strong consumer demand and economic prosperity. In a globalized economy, trade deficits and surpluses are relative—India has a surplus with the US but runs a deficit with China.
• A balanced trade policy should focus on boosting domestic productivity rather than imposing restrictive tariffs.

Impact on India

• India has been directly mentioned in Trump’s tariff rhetoric.
• If reciprocal tariffs are imposed, India may have to increase imports of US goods—such as defense equipment and energy—to offset the trade imbalance.
• While this could lower the cost of American products for Indian consumers, it may also weaken the rupee due to increased dollar demand.
• Additionally, the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative could be impacted, as increased reliance on US imports may hinder domestic manufacturing growth.
• While cheaper American products may benefit Indian consumers, the long-term economic impact on India’s self-reliance strategy needs careful evaluation.

Geopolitical Considerations

• The US’s aggressive trade stance is not limited to China or India—it extends to allies like Canada and the EU.
• Trump’s dismissive attitude towards trade agreements and economic partnerships suggests that India should be cautious in expecting stable trade relations with the US.
• While India stands to gain from better trade access to US markets, over-reliance on American economic policies could create vulnerabilities in the long run.

Conclusion

• Trump’s reciprocal tariff policy represents a major shift in global trade dynamics, moving away from cooperative frameworks towards a more unilateral approach.
• While the short-term impact may be a reduction in trade deficits, the long-term effects could include trade disruptions, strained diplomatic relations, and economic instability for developing nations like India.
• Balancing trade with self-reliance will be crucial for India as it navigates this evolving landscape.

21. India-US Energy & Nuclear Partnership

Context

● India and the US have reaffirmed their commitment to energy security, with Washington aiming to be a leading oil and gas supplier to India. ● This deal is seen as a strategic move to balance trade deficits between the two nations.

Analysis of the news:

Civil Nuclear Collaboration & Legislative Challenges

• A crucial development is the commitment to fully implement the US-India 123 Civil Nuclear Agreement.
• However, India must amend its Atomic Energy Act, 1962, to allow private sector participation in nuclear power operations, and the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010, to address liability concerns that have deterred foreign investors.
• The US seeks legislative assurances from India, but India’s political landscape could pose hurdles in passing these amendments.

India-US Nuclear Deal

● The India-US Nuclear Deal also known as the US-India Civil Nuclear Agreement, was signed in 2008. This agreement stemmed from a joint statement made in 2005 by then Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and US President George W. Bush. The agreement aimed to facilitate civil nuclear cooperation between the two countries, marking a significant shift in US policy, which had previously restricted nuclear trade with India due to its non-signatory status to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). ● The India-US nuclear deal, often referred to as the “123 Agreement,” allows US companies to supply nuclear fuel and technology for India’s civilian nuclear energy program. ● As a part of India-US Nuclear Deal,  India committed to allowing inspections from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) for its civilian nuclear program. ● Benefits to India: India gained eligibility to buy US dual-use nuclear technology, including materials and equipment for uranium enrichment and plutonium reprocessing. The deal was expected to enhance India’s energy security and help meet its growing energy demands through nuclear power.

‘810’ Roadblock & US Legislative Restrictions

• India is pressing the US for an exemption from the ‘810’ authorisation, which restricts American nuclear companies from manufacturing nuclear equipment or designing reactors outside the US.
• This exemption is critical for India’s plans to develop Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), as India aims to co-produce components and localize technology transfer.

What are Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)?

According to the IAEA, small modular reactors (SMRs) are advanced nuclear reactors designed for enhanced safety and efficiency. Their power generation capacity typically ranges from less than 30 MWe to over 300 MWe. Features: Small: Physically smaller than conventional nuclear power reactors, allowing for flexible deployment in various locations. Modular: Designed for factory assembly, enabling transportation as a complete unit for easier installation. Reactors: Utilise nuclear fission to generate heat for electricity production or direct applications.

Importance of SMRs for India

• SMRs, with capacities between 30MWe to 300MWe, are seen as the future of nuclear energy due to their cost-effectiveness and adaptability.
• India is positioning itself as a leader in SMR technology to support its clean energy transition and enhance global strategic influence.
• However, for this ambition to materialize, US legislative flexibility on ‘810’ will be crucial.

Conclusion

• While both nations recognize the potential of their nuclear partnership, successful collaboration will depend on legislative amendments in India, US policy adjustments on ‘810’ restrictions, and ensuring a commercially viable framework for foreign investors.

Significance of the deal

● Acknowledges India’s strong non-proliferation record and its history of implementing voluntary safeguards on its nuclear program. ● Encourages India to accept international safeguards on previously uninspected facilities. ● Recognizes India’s commitment to following Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) export standards, despite not being a formal member India is a member of other multilateral weapon and technology export control  regimes which include Missile Technology Control Regime, Australia Group, and Wassenaar Arrangement.

 

PYQ: With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy.  (250 words/15m) (UPSC CSE (M) GS-3 2018)

22. Germany’s economy is in the dumps.

Context

Germany, once a leader in global trade and export growth, has experienced a significant economic slump over the past five years, marking a remarkable shift in its economy.

Energy Dependence and Crisis

• Germany’s economic model relied on inexpensive natural gas, crucial for its industrial production and exports.
• A major shift occurred when the country phased out nuclear power in 2011 and depended on Russian gas as a bridge.
• When Moscow cut off supplies following the invasion of Ukraine, gas and electricity prices skyrocketed, severely impacting energy-intensive industries like steel, chemicals, and glass manufacturing.

Transition to Renewable Energy

• The move away from nuclear and coal toward renewable energy was not fast enough.
• Resistance to wind turbines from homeowners and local communities delayed the growth of renewable energy sources.
• Infrastructure for alternative fuels, such as hydrogen for industrial use, remains mostly undeveloped, leaving a significant energy gap.

Competition from China

• For years, German industries thrived on exports to a booming Chinese market.
• However, state-subsidized Chinese companies have now entered the same industrial sectors, producing machinery, solar panels, and vehicles.
• This competition has reduced Germany’s export dominance and dramatically cut its net vehicle exports.

Delayed Investments and Labor Shortages

• During prosperous times, Germany postponed investments in long-term projects like rail lines and high-speed internet.
• Companies face significant labor shortages, with many reporting difficulties in filling skilled positions.
• Excessive bureaucracy and lengthy approval procedures further hinder economic growth.

23. US-India COMPACT

Context

The US and India launched the US-India COMPACT initiative to enhance strategic cooperation in defence, trade, and technology, with a focus on military sales, co-production, and countering regional security challenges.

Strengthening Strategic Ties

• The launch of the US-India COMPACT (Catalyzing Opportunities for Military Partnership, Accelerated Commerce & Technology) for the 21st Century marks a significant step in deepening bilateral relations across multiple domains.
• This initiative reflects mutual trust and aims for transformative change, particularly in defence and high-tech sectors.

Strategic Defence Cooperation

• The agreement underscores India’s growing defence partnership with the US, particularly in countering China’s assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific.
• Key components include increased military sales, co-development, and technology transfers.
• Discussions on the F-35 stealth fighter jets and the Autonomous Systems Industry Alliance highlight the focus on future defence capabilities.

10-Year Defence Framework

• Both nations announced a new 10-year defence partnership framework, emphasizing interoperability, logistics, and joint manufacturing.
• Notable US-origin defence platforms integrated into India’s arsenal include C-130J Super Hercules, P-8I Poseidon, AH-64E Apache helicopters, and MQ-9B drones.
• Plans to co-produce Javelin Anti-Tank Missiles and Stryker Infantry Combat Vehicles in India further strengthen indigenous manufacturing.

Technology & Procurement Reforms

• India’s Major Defence Partner status and STA-1 designation facilitate access to advanced US military technology.
• To streamline defence trade, both nations plan to review arms transfer regulations (ITAR) and open negotiations for a Reciprocal Defence Procurement (RDP) agreement to align procurement processes and enhance bilateral defence supply chains.

Expanding Defence Technology Cooperation

• Recognizing India’s role in the Quad alliance, both nations pledged to accelerate cooperation in air defence, space, missile technology, and undersea systems.
• The US is also considering policy changes to release fifth-generation fighter jets and advanced maritime defence systems to India, strengthening its strategic deterrence capabilities.

24. India-Qatar Relations Elevated to Strategic Partnership

Context

India and Qatar elevated their bilateral ties to a strategic partnership, aiming to double trade to USD 28 billion by 2030 and secure USD 10 billion Qatari investment in India.

 

Analysis of the news:

Strategic Partnership and Trade Expansion

• India and Qatar have upgraded their relationship to a strategic partnership, reflecting deeper cooperation in trade, investment, and energy.
• The two countries set a target to double bilateral trade from USD 14 billion to USD 28 billion by 2030.
• Qatar also committed to invest USD 10 billion in India, focusing on infrastructure, ports, renewable energy, smart cities, start-ups, and advanced technologies like artificial intelligence and robotics.

Energy Cooperation and Long-term LNG Supply

• Energy remains a crucial pillar of India-Qatar relations. Qatar, a significant supplier of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) to India, will supply 5 million metric tonnes per annum for 20 years starting 2028, ensuring India’s long-term energy security.

Exploring Free Trade Agreements (FTA)

• Both nations discussed the potential for a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between India and Qatar, complementing India’s ongoing FTA negotiations with the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).
• This could further enhance economic ties and streamline trade regulations.

Security and Counterterrorism Cooperation

• The leaders unequivocally condemned terrorism in all forms, agreeing to bolster cooperation in intelligence sharing, cybersecurity, anti-money laundering, and combating transnational crimes.
• Regular meetings of the Joint Committee on Security and Law Enforcement were emphasized to strengthen these efforts.

Diplomatic and People-to-People Relations

• Acknowledging the Indian diaspora’s contribution to Qatar’s development, both sides expressed appreciation for the welfare measures provided to the Indian community.
• Additionally, two agreements and five MoUs were signed, covering economic cooperation, youth affairs, investment, and a double taxation avoidance agreement.

Regional Stability and Pending Diplomatic Issues

• The leaders exchanged views on West Asia’s evolving situation, including the Israel-Hamas conflict, highlighting regional peace and security concerns.
• The pending case of a former Indian Navy officer in Qatar was also discussed, with India appreciating Qatar’s cooperation in ensuring the welfare of Indian nationals.

Conclusion

• The elevation of India-Qatar ties to a strategic partnership marks a significant step towards deeper cooperation in trade, energy, security, and regional stability, paving the way for strengthened economic growth and diplomatic relations in the coming years.

What is the significance of India-Qatar Relations?

● Political Significance- Qatar’s membership in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is politically significant for India, especially concerning issues like Kashmir. Also, India needs support of Qatar for UNSC permanent membership. ● Energy Security- Qatar is the largest supplier of LNG to India. LNG makes up almost 50% of our LNG imports. ● Strong economic and trade ties- India is among the top four largest export destinations for Qatar (Qatar exports to India- LNG, LPG, chemicals and petrochemicals, fertilisers, plastics). India is also among the top three sources of Qatar’s imports. ● Large Expatriate Community and Remittances- Around 8 lakh Indian expatriate community live and work in Qatar. The flow of remittances (around 750 million dollars) and safety of Indian expatriate community, makes Qatar vital for India’s interest. ● Defence and strategic co-operation- India and Qatar have signed a Defence Cooperation Agreement for stronger defence cooperation . The maritime relations are further strengthened by Exercise Zair-Al-Bahr.

26. India, China worked hard to save G-20: Jaishankar

Context

● External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar met Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi during the G-20 Foreign Ministers’ meeting in Johannesburg. ● He highlighted that both nations have worked to maintain the G-20’s significance despite global polarization.

 

Discussions on Bilateral Relations

• The meeting addressed regional and global issues, including the situation along the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
• Previous discussions on border peace were reviewed, building on past diplomatic engagements between the two countries.
• Maintaining peace and stability along the border was highlighted as a key objective for future talks.

Key Areas of Cooperation

• Talks included topics such as resuming the Kailash Mansarovar pilgrimage, trans-border river management, flight connectivity, and easing travel restrictions.
• Strengthening economic and infrastructure collaboration was also discussed.

Global Concerns and Multilateralism

• The importance of protecting multilateral organizations from global divisions was highlighted.
• It was emphasized that international cooperation should be more transparent and inclusive rather than serving the interests of a few.
• The need for “plurilateralism” was stressed to address global issues effectively.

Engagements with Other Nations

• Discussions were also held with leaders from other BRICS countries and key international partners.
• The importance of collaboration in the Indo-Pacific region was reaffirmed in trilateral talks with strategic partners.

Practice Question:  Beyond bilateral concerns, how do India-China engagements in multilateral forums like the G-20, BRICS, and SCO shape global governance? Analyze. (150 Words /10 marks)

27. India-Qatar LNG Trade

Context

India and Qatar have set a target to double bilateral trade to $28 billion by 2030, with LNG imports playing a central role in strengthening their strategic energy partnership.

 

Analysis of the news:

Strategic Energy Partnership

• India and Qatar share a robust energy partnership, with liquefied natural gas (LNG) at its core.
• Qatar is India’s largest LNG supplier, accounting for nearly 39% of India’s total LNG imports.
• The two nations now aim to double bilateral trade to $28 billion annually by 2030, driven significantly by LNG imports.

Growing LNG Demand in India

• India’s natural gas consumption is projected to rise by 60% by 2030, with LNG imports expected to double to 65 billion cubic metres annually.
• This surge is fueled by India’s goal to increase the share of natural gas in its primary energy mix from 6% to 15% by 2030, making LNG a critical component of India’s energy strategy.

Qatar’s Expanding Export Capacity

• Qatar plans to nearly double its LNG export capacity from 77 million tonnes per annum (mtpa) to 142 mtpa by 2027.
• This expansion aligns perfectly with India’s rising LNG demand, likely strengthening Qatar’s position as India’s primary LNG supplier for the foreseeable future.

US: An Emerging Competitor

• The US, India’s second-largest LNG supplier, poses significant competition to Qatar.
• Recent policy shifts in the US, including lifting export bans on LNG projects, could boost its LNG exports to India.
• Indian companies are actively exploring long-term LNG contracts in the US, potentially altering future trade dynamics.

Conclusion

• The India-Qatar LNG trade relationship remains pivotal as both nations aim to deepen economic ties.
• With India’s LNG demand surging and Qatar’s export capacity expanding, LNG will continue to drive this strategic partnership.
• However, the growing US presence in the LNG market could reshape India’s import landscape in the coming years.

28. Trump’s chip tariff threats raise stakes for Taiwan

Context

U.S. President Donald Trump has announced tariffs of 25% or higher on imported semiconductor chips to push manufacturing to the U.S. and reduce the trade deficit.

 

Analysis of the news:

• Taiwan produces over half of the world’s chips and nearly all of the most advanced ones, making it crucial to global supply chains.
• Taiwan’s dominance in semiconductor manufacturing is considered a key economic and strategic defense against potential Chinese aggression, often called the ‘Silicon Shield.’
• Trump has accused Taiwan of harming the U.S. chip industry and suggested it should compensate the U.S. for protection.
• Taiwan has pledged to increase investments in the U.S., boost defense spending, and consider importing more U.S. natural gas.
• Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) is investing over $65 billion in new plants in the U.S., Japan, and Europe, raising concerns about Taiwan losing its strategic advantage.

29. China’s grip on global nickel supply tightens with Anglo sale to MMG

Context

Anglo American has sold its Brazilian nickel business to China’s MMG Ltd. for up to $500 million, simplifying its portfolio.

 

China Strengthens Global Nickel Dominance:

• MMG gains diversification into nickel and expands its presence into Brazil, strengthening China’s control over the global nickel supply chain.
• Chinese companies already control around 75 percent of refining capacity in Indonesia, which has rapidly emerged as the world’s largest supplier.

Why is Nickel Important?

● Nickel is a key industrial metal used in stainless steel, batteries, and alloys. ● It enhances corrosion resistance and strength in stainless steel, which is widely used in construction and infrastructure. ● Nickel is a crucial component in lithium-ion batteries, making it essential for electric vehicles and renewable energy storage. ● It is used in aerospace, defense, and electronics due to its high-temperature resistance and conductivity. ● Nickel alloys are vital for chemical processing, medical devices, and desalination plants. ● Nickel’s importance is rising due to growing demand for sustainable and high-performance materials.

30. US Policy Shift on Ukraine

Context

The United States voted with Russia against its European allies on Ukraine-related UN resolutions, signaling a major policy shift, while India maintained its strategic neutrality by abstaining.

 

Analysis of the news:

Setbacks for the US at the UN

• The United States faced diplomatic challenges at the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) when its resolution on the Ukraine conflict failed to gain broad support.
• Ukraine’s resolution demanding Russia’s withdrawal passed with 93 votes, but with notable abstentions and opposition, including from the US itself.
• The US resolution, criticized for not condemning Russia, passed after amendments but saw the US abstain.
• These developments highlight a growing rift between the US and its European allies, raising questions about the strength of the transatlantic partnership amid President Donald Trump’s evolving foreign policy stance.

Shift in US Foreign Policy

• For the first time since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the US aligned with Russia at the UN, marking a significant shift in its foreign policy.
• This move reflects Trump’s direct outreach to Russian President Vladimir Putin and his controversial statements blaming Ukraine for the conflict.
• The US’s new approach, aimed at striking a deal with Russia potentially by Easter, underscores Trump’s focus on securing access to Ukraine’s resources rather than ensuring robust security guarantees for Kyiv.
• This policy reversal has further strained US-Europe relations, previously unified in supporting Ukraine.

India’s Strategic Abstentions

• India maintained its neutral stance by abstaining from both UNGA resolutions on Ukraine, continuing a pattern of abstentions at various global forums, including the UNSC, IAEA, and WTO.
• This diplomatic choice underscores India’s commitment to strategic autonomy while balancing relationships with key partners on both sides of the conflict.
• Despite abstaining, India has consistently emphasized respect for territorial integrity, sovereignty, and international law, signaling its support for peace without directly opposing Russia.
• Prime Minister Modi’s past remarks, notably that “this is not an era of war,” further reinforce India’s call for peaceful resolutions.

 Recalibrating India’s Diplomatic Approach

• In response to evolving geopolitical dynamics, including direct US-Russia talks and a fragmented transatlantic alliance, India has subtly shifted its diplomatic language.
• From previously referring to “two parties to the conflict,” India now uses the broader term “parties concerned,” suggesting a more inclusive approach that potentially involves the US and other stakeholders.
• This reframing allows New Delhi greater diplomatic flexibility, enabling it to navigate complex international relations while preserving its strategic interests and fostering dialogue for lasting peace in Ukraine.

Conclusion

• The recent UN developments highlight deepening geopolitical complexities, with the US’s altered stance on Ukraine unsettling its European allies and reshaping global diplomatic alignments.
• India’s strategic abstentions and nuanced diplomatic adjustments reflect its focus on maintaining foreign policy independence while adapting to shifting power dynamics.
• As the conflict continues and global alliances evolve, India’s balanced approach positions it as a key player in facilitating broader dialogues for peace.

31. Trump’s Russia-Ukraine policy hangs over EU-India talks

Context

The President of the European Commission and 21 EU Commissioners are visiting India for two days.

 

Historic Visit by EU Leaders

• This is an unprecedented visit, as the EU has never sent such a large delegation to any country before.
• The visit aims to strengthen EU-India ties, especially amid shifts in U.S. foreign policy.

Impact of Russia-Ukraine Conflict

• The visit comes shortly after the third anniversary of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
• The EU recently imposed its 16th round of sanctions on Russia.
• However, the S. has taken a different stance by voting against an EU resolution at the United Nations.
• The EU is expected to discuss its continued support for Ukraine and the enforcement of sanctions against Russia.

India’s Position on Russia

• India has rejected all sanctions against Russia and significantly increased its oil imports from the country since 2022.
• New Delhi is unlikely to change its position, despite global pressure.
• This visit is expected to focus on EU-India bilateral ties rather than disagreements over Russia.

Revival of EU-India Ties

• There has been no annual EU-India summit since 2020, though a ‘Leader’s Summit’ was held in 2021.
• Both sides are preparing for a major summit in 2025.
• Talks on the EU-India Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA), restarted in 2022, have seen little progress.
• Key trade issues include tariffs on cars, wine, and spirits, along with non-tariff barriers.

Focus on Trade and Technology Cooperation

• The visit begins with a Trade and Technology Council (TTC) meeting.
• Key areas of discussion include AI policies, semiconductors, quantum computing, and green technology.
• The EU-India Strategic Roadmap (2020-2025) will also be updated, with a focus on cooperation in the Indo-Pacific.
• Indian ministers, industry leaders, and EU officials will hold meetings to push forward economic and strategic partnerships.

Indian Economy

1. Economic Survey 2024-25

Context

The Economic Survey 2024-25 analyzes India’s economic performance amidst global uncertainties.

 

Analysis of the news:

Global Economic Challenges

• The Economic Survey highlights two key concerns in the global economy: increasing trade protectionism and China’s manufacturing dominance.
• Trade and investment growth have slowed, reflecting a shift away from globalization.
• Rising uncertainty and economic fragmentation indicate signs of “secular stagnation.”
• Additionally, China’s outsized role in global production, accounting for one-third of global manufacturing, poses challenges.
• However, disruptions in global supply chains may lead to a reset, providing opportunities for economies like India.

India’s Economic Performance

• Despite global challenges, India’s economy remains stable.
• Real GDP growth for FY25 is projected at 6.4%, with an estimated range of 6.3%-6.8% for FY26.
• Private final consumption expenditure, a key driver of demand, is set to rise to 61.8% of GDP, the highest since FY03.
• On the supply side, Gross Value Added (GVA) has surpassed pre-pandemic levels and aligns with the decadal average, indicating a steady economic trajectory.

Inflation and Employment Trends

• The Survey notes that core inflation is moderating, but food inflation has risen from 7.5% in FY24 to 8.4% due to supply disruptions and weather-related factors.
• However, experts argue that inflation, excluding a few volatile food items, is close to the target.
• Employment indicators have improved, supported by post-pandemic recovery and increased job formalization.
• Key metrics such as the unemployment rate and labour force participation show positive trends.

Policy Recommendations: Deregulation for Growth

• The Survey emphasizes the need to deregulate the economy to boost employment, income generation, and consumer demand.
• The CEA advocates for reducing regulatory hurdles, particularly for small businesses, to lower operational costs and encourage hiring.
• Citing the Business Reform Action Plan (BRAP), the Survey suggests that enterprise-friendly policies can drive industrial growth, particularly in aspiring and emerging states.

Shifting Tone in the Economic Survey

• While the Survey acknowledges India’s post-pandemic recovery, it also raises concerns about limitations in domestic production capacity.
• The CEA warns that excessive regulation could lead to stagnation.
• This cautious outlook contrasts with the optimism expressed in the 2023 Survey, which had predicted strong growth momentum post-pandemic.
• The shift in tone suggests a recognition of structural challenges that need urgent policy action to sustain long-term economic expansion.

2. Economy’s fundamentals robust amid ‘strong downsides’: Survey

Context

The Economic Survey 2024-25 highlights India’s growth prospects, investment challenges, and the need for deregulation.

Economic Growth Projections

• India’s economy is expected to grow between 3% and 6.8% in 2025-26, slightly higher than the estimated 6.4% this year.
• The Economic Survey acknowledges strong economic fundamentals but also highlights external risks affecting investment and output.
• Private sector investment growth has been subdued due to political uncertainties, global challenges, and overcapacity in some industries.

Challenges in Achieving ‘Viksit Bharat’

• India aims to become a developed nation (Viksit Bharat) by 2047, but achieving this requires a consistent 8% GDP growth for at least a decade.
• The investment rate must increase from the current 31% of GDP to 35% of GDP to sustain high growth.

Focus on Domestic Growth Drivers

• With global trade slowing due to geopolitical tensions, India must rely more on domestic economic drivers.
• The Survey suggests that deregulation is crucial for boosting investment and economic expansion.

Reducing Government Control

• The government should reduce excessive regulations and micromanagement to create a business-friendly environment.
• Simplifying compliance processes and reducing bureaucratic delays will help businesses focus on growth.

Building Trust in the Economy

• The Survey emphasizes the need to bridge the trust gap between government authorities, businesses, and citizens.
• Excessive regulations often favor big businesses, creating unfair competition and harming overall economic progress.
• The government must trust businesses and individuals to drive economic activities effectively.

3. Higher profit share, stagnant wage growth slowing economy: Survey

Context

The Economic Survey highlights the need for balanced corporate profit growth and wage increases to sustain economic growth.

 

Growth in Corporate Profits vs. Wage Growth

• The Economic Survey highlights that corporate profits must grow in tandem with wages to boost the economy.
• Disparities between profits and wages risk curbing demand, which can slow economic growth.

Concerns About Income Inequality

• A slight rise in the labour share of GVA (Gross Value Added) is noted, but large corporate profits are a growing concern.
• High corporate profits and stagnant wages can decrease consumer spending, limiting economic demand.

Economic Growth and Employment Incomes

• Sustained growth depends on increasing employment incomes to drive consumer spending and investment in production.
• A fair distribution of income between capital and labour is essential for long-term stability.

Profit Growth and Employment

• Corporate profitability reached a 15-year peak in FY 2023-24, largely driven by the financial, energy, and automobile sectors.
• Profits rose by 22.3%, but employment grew only by 1.5%.
• Wage growth has slowed, with employee expenses rising just 13% in FY24.

Improved Labour Market Indicators

• Post-pandemic recovery and formalisation have improved labour market indicators in India.
• Unemployment has decreased, and labour force participation has increased.
• Sectors like the digital economy and renewable energy offer potential for job creation.

4. Excessive financialisation can hurt India’s economy, cautions Survey

Context

The Economic Survey warns about financialisation risks, urging balance between financial sector growth and stability.

Financialisation Risks for India

• The Economic Survey warns against excessive financialisation, as rising household savings in the stock market can harm the economy, especially in low-middle-income countries like India.
• Financialisation can lead to over-reliance on financial markets, increasing public and private sector debt, and causing economic growth to depend on rising asset prices.
• This can worsen inequality and influence policy-making.

Need for Balance

• India must maintain a balance between financial sector development and financialisation.
• This requires understanding the country’s context, including household financial savings, investment needs, and financial literacy.
• Policies must align incentives in the financial sector with the nation’s growth goals.

Financial Markets and Banking Sector Coordination

• While financial markets are becoming a significant funding source, they must work alongside the banking sector to meet capital needs.

Regulatory Readiness

• India must prepare for vulnerabilities arising from financialisation with appropriate regulatory measures and government interventions when necessary.
• Banks need to adapt to the digital economy and new-age household demands while continuing their role in credit creation.

5. ‘Indigenisation an urgent task for India’s electric mobility transition’

Context

India needs to focus on indigenising EV technology and raw materials to reduce import dependence.

 

Indigenisation of Technology and Raw Materials

• India needs to focus on indigenising technology and raw materials for electric mobility to reduce reliance on imports.
• The Economic Survey emphasizes the urgency of this task, particularly given global efforts to reduce dependence on China.
• India’s import intensity in electric vehicle (EV) production is high, especially from countries with which it has significant trade deficits.

Challenges in Mineral Sourcing

• Many minerals needed for EV manufacturing are scarce or not processed in India.
• China dominates the global production and processing of critical minerals such as nickel, cobalt, lithium, and rare earth minerals.
• China accounts for 65% of nickel production, 68% of cobalt, 60% of lithium, and 90% of rare earth processing.
• The demand for lithium-ion batteries, essential for EVs, is expected to grow at 23% annually until 2030, reinforcing China’s dominance.

Supply Risks and Public Transportation Focus

• India’s Ministry of Mines identified 24 out of 33 critical minerals at high risk of supply disruptions.
• The government advocates for improving public transportation systems to achieve electric mobility goals and reduce import dependence.
• Investing in efficient, reliable, and accessible public transport will help India achieve Net Zero targets and lessen reliance on imports.

6. India should not shut coal plants without ‘alternatives’: Survey

Context

The economic survey discusses India’s energy transition challenges, balancing development, energy security, and sustainability goals.

 

India’s Path to Development and Low-Carbon Future

• India aims to become a developed nation by 2047 while focusing on a low-carbon pathway.
• To achieve this, it must leverage its best resources, advanced technologies, and expertise.
• However, coal-fired plants should not be shut down without reliable alternatives to avoid disruptions.

Energy Transitions Driven by Commercial Interests

• Historically, energy transitions were driven more by commercial interests than by efforts to reduce emissions.
• Energy security and commercial interests remain the most significant factors in shaping the transition to cleaner energy.
• Developed and developing nations alike are influenced by these considerations when making energy choices.

Global Examples of Energy Transition

● The Economic Survey highlights France’s shift to nuclear power in the 1970s due to oil embargoes. ● The European Union introduced the REPowerEU plan in 2022, investing €10 billion (₹90,000 crore) in liquefied natural gas (LNG) infrastructure to reduce reliance on Russian gas. ● In 2023, the U.S. administration approved its largest oil-drilling project in Alaska, highlighting ongoing reliance on fossil fuels.

Challenges for Developing Nations

• Developed nations continue to depend on fossil fuels even as they urge developing countries to adopt costlier and less efficient energy solutions.
• For India, shutting down coal plants would lead to the underutilization of significant investments made in the 2010s.

India’s Net-Zero Emissions Goal

• India’s goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2070 must remain a priority.
• The country should focus on innovation and investment in renewable energy, battery storage, grid infrastructure, and critical minerals.
• Transitioning to renewable energy faces challenges like higher electricity prices and the complexity of managing both fossil fuels and renewables.

7. ‘Regulatory framework holding back MSMEs, limiting growth, innovation’

Context

The economic survey discusses challenges and government initiatives to support and formalize MSMEs in India.

Challenges Faced by MSMEs

• Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) employ 23.24 crore people in India but face challenges in the regulatory environment.
• Regulatory compliance burdens hinder formalization, reduce labor productivity, limit employment growth, stifle innovation, and depress overall growth.

Importance of MSMEs

• MSMEs play a crucial role in the economy, second only to agriculture, by creating jobs at low capital costs.
• They drive economic growth, employment, and innovation but often stay small to avoid regulatory scrutiny.
• Remaining small limits their access to capital, skilled labor, technology, and formal supply chains, contributing to low labor productivity and an informal economy.

Government Efforts to Support MSMEs

• The government has focused on improving MSMEs’ access to finance, enhancing technological capabilities, providing market linkages, and addressing structural challenges.
• In 2023, the Udyam Assist Platform (UAP) was launched in collaboration with SIDBI to formalize informal micro-enterprises.
• Over 2.39 crore informal micro-enterprises were formalized through the platform.
• The TReDS platform aims to help MSMEs receive payments in a timely manner with lower financing costs.

Funding and Development Programs

• The government launched the Self-Reliant India (SRI) Fund with ₹50,000 crore to provide equity funding to MSMEs with scaling potential.
• The Micro and Small Enterprises-Cluster Development Programme (MSE-CDP) focuses on improving technology, skills, and quality through Common Facility Centres (CFCs).

8. Trump slaps 25% tariff on imports from Canada, Mexico

Context

US President Donald Trump set high trade charges on Canada, Mexico, and China, citing security and trade issues.

 

Analysis of the news:

• Tariff Details: Canadian and Mexican exports to the U.S. will face a 25% tariff, except for energy resources from Canada, which will have a 10% levy. Chinese goods will face an additional 10% tariff.
• National Emergency Justification: Trump invoked the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, stating that illegal immigration and drugs, including fentanyl, pose a national emergency.
• Economic Impact on the U.S.: Trump acknowledged that Americans might experience economic “pain” but justified it as necessary for securing U.S. interests.
• Retaliation by Affected Countries:
  • China promised countermeasures and a WTO claim.
  • Mexico announced Plan B, including tariffs and trade measures.
  • Canada imposed 25% retaliatory tariffs on U.S. goods worth US$106.6 billion.
• European Union’s Response: The EU warned it would retaliate firmly if Trump imposed tariffs on European goods.

9. Rupee breaches 87 against the dollar

Context

Rupee depreciated past 87 against the U.S. dollar due to global uncertainties, impacting imports, exports, and India’s economic stability.

 

Rupee Breaches 87 Mark

• The Indian rupee fell by 0.6% (49 paise) to close at ₹87.11 per U.S. dollar, after briefly touching ₹87.3.
• The depreciation followed increased tariffs by the U.S. on Canada, Mexico, and China, affecting emerging markets and stock markets globally.

Rupee Depreciation

Potential Advantages ● Boosts Exports – Indian goods become cheaper for foreign buyers, increasing demand. ● Encourages Foreign Investment – Foreign investors find Indian assets more affordable, attracting capital inflows. ● Tourism Growth – India becomes a cheaper destination for international tourists, boosting tourism revenue. ● Incentivizes Domestic Manufacturing – Imported goods become costlier, encouraging local production and reducing dependency on imports. Challenges of Rupee Depreciation ● Rising Import Costs – Essential imports like oil, electronics, and machinery become more expensive, leading to inflation. ● Higher Fuel Prices – A weaker rupee raises crude oil import costs, increasing fuel prices and transportation expenses. ● Increased Foreign Debt Burden – Loans borrowed in foreign currency become costlier to repay. ● Capital Outflows – Foreign investors may withdraw investments due to uncertainty, affecting financial markets.

Government’s Stance on the Decline

• The Finance Ministry official stated that India does not use exchange rate policy to boost trade but focuses on managing currency volatility.
• The Indian government remains unconcerned about the rupee’s decline, viewing it as part of global economic uncertainty.

Rising Dollar Index and Global Impact

• The Dollar Index, which measures the dollar’s strength against major currencies, rose to 7.
• The rupee’s depreciation makes imports more expensive but improves export competitiveness.

Government’s Economic Strategy

• India aims to handle global uncertainties by enhancing export competitiveness through better quality goods rather than currency manipulation.
• The government’s focus is on self-reliance, developing competitive advantages, and removing cost disadvantages through trade and regulatory policies.
• The Budget includes steps to streamline regulations and reduce trade barriers for long-term economic growth.

10. How will the govt. produce the required fuel ethanol?

Context

India is accelerating its ethanol blending program, utilizing diverse sources like sugar, rice, and maize to achieve energy security and reduce oil imports.

 

India’s Ethanol Blending Target Achieved Early

• Union Minister Nitin Gadkari announced that India will achieve the target of 20% ethanol blending with petrol in the next two months, ahead of schedule.
• This achievement will require the production of nearly 1,100 crore litres of fuel ethanol annually.

Sources of Fuel Ethanol

• The 1,100 crore litres of ethanol will come from sugar, high-grade molasses, FCI rice, broken rice, and maize.
• India’s ethanol distillery capacity has increased to 1,600 crore litres, thanks to government incentives and a stable market.
• Sugar production will contribute around 400 crore litres of ethanol this year. Molasses and rice will also play a role.

Maize’s Growing Role

• Until 2020, India was producing little to no ethanol from maize. However, since then, maize imports and cultivation have increased.
• The government has reduced the price of FCI rice for distilleries, leading to the production of 110 crore litres of ethanol from rice.
• Maize production is expected to reach 42 million tonnes in 2024-25, with 9 million tonnes directed to ethanol production.

Economic Impact of Ethanol Production

• Maize cultivation has expanded due to the high demand for ethanol, benefiting farmers.
• Ethanol production is expected to save India ₹6,000 crore on oil imports, contributing to the internal economy and farmers’ income.
• The long-term success of ethanol will depend on balancing its production with other foodgrains.

11. Southeast Asia looks to nuclear power to supercharge its energy transition

Context

●  The news discusses Southeast Asia’s growing interest in nuclear energy as a cleaner, reliable power source. ●  Nuclear power comes with challenges, but technological advances and financing options are improving the feasibility of nuclear projects, making them more affordable and scalable.

 

Introduction to Nuclear Energy in Southeast Asia

• Southeast Asia’s only nuclear power plant, located in the Philippines, was built in the 1970s but has never operated due to safety concerns and corruption.
• Now, several Southeast Asian countries are exploring nuclear energy to meet growing demand for cleaner, more reliable energy.

Nuclear Energy as a Climate Solution

• Nuclear energy does not emit harmful greenhouse gases, unlike coal, gas, or oil.
• Advances in technology have made nuclear power safer, cheaper to build, and smaller, making it more accessible.

Global and Regional Nuclear Energy Trends

• Nuclear power generates about 10% of global electricity, with 413 gigawatts of capacity across 32 countries.
• Southeast Asia’s energy demand is rapidly increasing, and many countries are interested in nuclear energy to reduce air pollution and increase power capacity.

Challenges of Nuclear Energy Development

• Nuclear plants are expensive, take years to build, and take time to become profitable.
• Financing for nuclear energy is limited, but some financial institutions support growth.
• Developing strong policies and regulations could attract more investment.

Small Modular Reactors and Technological Advances

• Small modular reactors (SMRs) are cheaper, quicker to build, and safer than traditional reactors.
• SMRs can produce up to one-third of the power of a traditional reactor, fitting local energy needs.

Concerns and Future Challenges

• Nuclear disasters like Chernobyl and Fukushima raised concerns about safety.
• Other challenges include the high cost of waste disposal and reliance on a few countries for uranium supply.

PYQ: With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. (250 words/15m) (UPSC CSE (M) GS-3 2018)

12. Why the tax cuts are a one way gamble

Context

● The news discusses the implications of the recent income tax cuts in India’s Union Budget. ● It discusses both optimistic and pessimistic scenarios for tax revenue and government expenditure based on these cuts.

Overview of the Tax Cut in the Union Budget

• The recent tax cuts in the Union Budget are described as one of the biggest tax reductions for the middle class.
• However, only a small percentage of the population (2-3%) directly benefits, as the middle class in India is not entirely “middle” in the income spectrum.
• For individuals earning between ₹7 lakh and ₹12 lakh, the tax rebate has been extended, which was earlier applicable only to those earning below ₹7 lakh.
• The exemption limit for those earning more than ₹12 lakh has also increased from ₹3 lakh to ₹4 lakh.
• Additionally, the other tax slabs and marginal tax rates have been adjusted, benefiting everyone earning more than ₹7 lakh.
• The Finance Minister has noted that these cuts will result in a ₹1 lakh crore fall in tax revenue, which accounts for 8% of the direct income tax collection of ₹12.57 lakh crore.

Implications of Tax Cuts on Economic Activity

• The budget’s aim is twofold: redistribution of income through tax changes and influencing economic activity via expenditure decisions.
• The government expects direct tax collections to increase by 14%, even with an 8% reduction in effective tax rates.
• Achieving this requires a 24% rise in income, which would be more than double the projected 10.1% growth in nominal GDP. This presents two possible scenarios.

Optimistic Scenario

• If higher tax exemption limits lead to a significant rise in people earning more than ₹12 lakh, or if existing taxpayers see a significant rise in income (known as higher tax buoyancy), the economy may experience growth.
• In this scenario, the income concentration in the upper classes could increase, contributing to a K-shaped recovery seen after the pandemic.
• If there is upward mobility in income, it could indicate broader economic growth at the upper end of the income spectrum.

Pessimistic Scenario

• If tax buoyancy does not work as expected, the burden will likely fall on the poorer sections of the population.
• Since government spending is tied to tax revenue, any shortfall in tax collection would result in cuts in public expenditure.
• The government’s fiscal policy may become pro-cyclical, which means the government will spend less during slowdowns and more during economic booms, which goes against the usual countercyclical approach.
• With the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act in place, the government has to adhere to strict deficit targets, limiting its spending.

Risks of Fiscal Contraction

● The Finance Minister’s target of reducing the deficit further to 4.4% raises concerns, as previous cuts in expenditure haven’t spurred growth. ● With growth slowing, the economy needs external stimuli (from exports, corporate investment, or government expenditure), but government expenditure is limited due to fiscal constraints. ● The government is counting on corporate investment and export growth, but the Economic Survey for 2025 suggests a lack of optimism about global demand. ● The government is hoping that income tax cuts will boost consumption demand, leading to increased investment, but this strategy is risky.

 

Conclusion

• The tax cuts in the Union Budget are a significant step, but their effectiveness depends on whether the expected rise in income and tax collection materializes.
• The government is taking a risk by relying heavily on income tax cuts as the main tool for economic recovery, which could either lead to growth or worsen inequalities if things don’t go as planned.

13. RBI slashes rate by 0.25% to revive growth

Context

The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has reduced the repo rate by 25 basis points to 6.25%, marking the first cut since May 2020.

 

Repo Rate Cut After 57 Months

• This decision aims to boost economic growth amid expectations of inflation easing to 4.4% in this quarter and averaging 2% in 2025-26.
• The reduction in the repo rate may lead to lower borrowing costs for home, car, and other loans.

What is Repo Rate?

● The Repo Rate is the interest rate at which the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) lends money to commercial banks in exchange for government securities. ● It is a key monetary policy tool used to control inflation and liquidity in the economy. ● A higher repo rate makes borrowing costlier, reducing inflation, while a lower repo rate boosts lending and economic growth by making loans cheaper for businesses and consumers.

 

Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)

● The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is a six-member body of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) responsible for setting the repo rate to control inflation and economic growth. ● It was established in 2016 under the amended RBI Act, 1934, and follows an inflation-targeting framework. ● The MPC has six members. Three members are from the RBI, including the Governor, and three are external members appointed by the government ● The MPC meets at least four times a year, and decisions are made by majority vote, with the RBI Governor having a casting vote in case of a tie.

 

Economic Growth and Inflation Projections

• The RBI has projected real GDP growth at 6.7% for 2025-26, an increase from the 4% estimated for this year.
• Assuming a normal monsoon, inflation is expected to decline further and gradually align with the 4% target.

Mixed Demand Trends

• Rural demand is improving, while urban consumption remains weak.
• Higher employment, tax benefits from the budget, and lower inflation are expected to support household consumption.

Currency and External Sector Stability

• The RBI does not target a specific exchange rate but intervenes to reduce excessive market volatility.
• India’s foreign exchange reserves are at $630.6 billion (as of January 31, 2025), covering over 10 months of imports.
• The current account deficit is expected to remain at a sustainable level.

PYQ: Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)? (UPSC civil services prelims 2017) It decides the RBI’s benchmark interest rates. It is a 12-member body including the Governor of RBI and is reconstituted every year. It functions under the chairmanship of the Union Finance Minister. Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 2 and 3 only Ans: Option (a)

14. What does the Budget offer Railways?

Context

● The news explains the budget provisions for Indian Railways, focusing on infrastructure development, modernization, safety, and freight expansion. ● It also highlights concerns over execution, financial sustainability, and stalled projects.

Railway Budget: From Spectacle to a Footnote

• Before 2017, the Railway Budget was presented separately and was a major event.
• After merging with the Union Budget, Indian Railways (IR) no longer receives a distinct focus.
• The last two budgets in 2024 did not even mention IR explicitly.

Dependence on Capital Expenditure

• IR’s earnings barely cover its operational costs.
• The government has invested ₹13 lakh crore in infrastructure modernization over the last decade.
• Electrification has reached 95%, track length has increased, and rolling stock has expanded.
• Despite these investments, returns remain underwhelming.
• Freight traffic is growing at only about 2%, even though the economy is expanding.
• Passenger revenue is increasing, but total patronage has not yet reached pre-COVID levels.

Post-Budget Announcements and Expansion Plans

• The Railways Minister stated that the focus remains on infrastructure development, station modernization, better connectivity, safety, and passenger comfort.
• The construction of new railway lines, doubling of tracks, and gauge conversion will continue at a faster pace.
• Since 2014, an average of 150 km of new tracks have been laid annually, compared to 113 km per year between 2009-2014.

Safety Concerns and Kavach Implementation

• The budget for safety initiatives has been increased to ₹1,16,514 crore.
• Grade separation work has improved, but expansion of Kavach, the indigenous train collision avoidance system, has stalled.
• Investments in Amrit Bharat station redevelopment are highlighted, but progress is slow.

Electrification and Sustainability Issues

• The Minister stated that electrification rates from 2014-2025 have increased significantly compared to the previous period.
• India is set to become the only 100% electrified railway system, making it the “greenest” in the world.
• However, questions remain about the necessity of rapid electrification, with around 5,000 diesel locomotives worth ₹30,000 crore lying idle or underutilized.
• Additionally, much of the electricity used by IR still comes from fossil fuels.

Vande Bharat and Other Pending Projects

• The government announced the introduction of 200 more Vande Bharat trains but provided no timeline.
• No updates were given on major projects like:
  • Western Dedicated Freight Corridor
  • Mumbai-Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail
  • Conversion of Integral Coach Factory (ICF) coaches to Vande Bharat standards
• Instead, a distant vision of a 7,000-km high-speed rail network by 2047 was announced, without a clear strategy.

Freight and Operational Challenges

The government claimed that IR will become the world’s second-largest freight carrier, reaching 1.6 billion tonnes of cargo.

However, the crucial question remains:

• How will IR regain its lost freight market share?
• Can IR improve train speeds and passenger comfort beyond minor second-class coach additions?

Conclusion

• The budget suggests that IR is not undergoing a major transformation but is merely maintaining its operations.
• There is a continuous cycle of headline-grabbing announcements without significant execution.
• Structural issues, such as financial sustainability, project delays, and underutilized assets, remain unaddressed.

15. Union Cabinet Approves South Coast Railway Zone

Context

The Union Cabinet approved the formation of the South Coast Railway (SCoR) zone, making it the 18th zone of Indian Railways.

 

Analysis of the news:

Creation of the South Coast Railway Zone

• The Union Cabinet approved the formation of the South Coast Railway (SCoR) zone, making it the 18th zone of Indian Railways.
• This new zone, headquartered in Visakhapatnam, was mandated under the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act of 2014.
• It has been carved out from portions of the East Coast Railway (ECoR) and South Central Railway (SCR) zones to improve operational efficiency and cater to growing passenger and freight demands in Andhra Pradesh.

Reorganization of the Waltair Railway Division

• The Waltair Railway Division, previously part of ECoR, has been split into two divisions.
• One part, renamed the Visakhapatnam Railway Division, has been integrated into the new SCoR.
• The other portion, including major freight routes, will now function as a new division with its headquarters in Rayagada, Odisha, under the ECoR zone.
• This restructuring aims to enhance logistics for key industries and ports in the region.

Rationale Behind the New Railway Zone

• The creation of SCoR aligns with the Central government’s commitment to Andhra Pradesh post-bifurcation.
• Announced initially in 2019, the project is expected to support industrial and agricultural development, boost port connectivity for Visakhapatnam and Krishnapatnam, and promote tourism in key locations such as Tirupati.

Geographical Coverage of SCoR

• The South Coast Railway will oversee major railway divisions, including Vijayawada and Guntur (from SCR) and the newly created Visakhapatnam Division.
• The zone will cover Andhra Pradesh and parts of Telangana and Tamil Nadu.
• Its jurisdiction includes significant railway routes connecting Palasa, Duvvada, Kuneru, Vizianagaram, Paralakhemundi, Bobbili, and Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, spanning approximately 410 km.

Economic Importance of Waltair Division

• The Waltair Division is a major revenue generator due to its strategic freight links with the mining and steel industries in Odisha and Chhattisgarh.
• In FY 2023-24, ECoR set a record by loading 250 million tonnes of freight, with Waltair contributing 74.66 million tonnes.
• The division’s separation from ECoR has sparked criticism, with concerns that Odisha’s economy may suffer due to the shifting of its revenue-generating railway segments to Andhra Pradesh’s new railway zone.

16. What has the Budget offered scientists?

Context

● The Union Budget 2025-26 allocates significant funds to science and technology, focusing on private-sector R&D, biotechnology, nuclear energy, and AI. ● However, concerns remain about reduced funding for basic research, rigid bureaucracy, and corporatisation of science.

 

Boost for Research and Innovation

• The Budget allocates ₹20,000 crore to the Department of Science & Technology (DST) and private sector research, including startups.
• The DST will oversee the fund, which is part of a ₹1 lakh crore corpus aimed at strengthening R&D, particularly in deeptech and sunrise sectors.
• The National Geospatial Mission receives ₹100 crore for geospatial infrastructure development, supporting the National Geospatial Policy 2022.
• Other initiatives include the Nuclear Energy Mission, clean tech programs, and Atal Tinkering Labs.

Biotechnology Advancements

• The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) receives ₹3,446.64 crore, a 45% increase from the previous year.
• The recently approved ‘Bio-RIDE’ scheme aims to promote bio-entrepreneurship and biomanufacturing.
• The Budget’s support for private sector research will accelerate progress in gene-editing, personalized medicine, and sustainable agriculture.
• The National Mission on High Yielding Seeds will focus on developing pest-resistant and climate-resilient seeds.

Support for Scientific and Industrial Research

• The Budget prioritizes science, technology, and innovation (STI) for national progress.
• Public-private partnerships and industry collaborations will drive innovation in manufacturing, healthcare, and sustainability.
• Initiatives such as the Aroma and Floriculture Missions will boost agriculture, while the Millets Mission supports self-reliance in pulses and oilseeds.
• The Green Hydrogen Mission aligns with India’s clean energy goals.
• Programs for youth skilling, entrepreneurship, and sustainable farming receive emphasis.

Nuclear Power and Private Sector Participation

• The Budget supports India’s goal of increasing nuclear power capacity to 100 GWe by 2047.
• Private sector participation in nuclear energy introduces new challenges and opportunities.
• The success of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) is vital for India’s energy transition.
• The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) ensures nuclear safety through global collaborations.

Concerns Over Reduced Funding for Basic Science

• While science and technology funding increases, basic research receives limited attention.
• The Budget mainly supports mission-mode projects such as nuclear energy and AI.
• Amendments to the Nuclear Liability and Damage Act 2010 raise concerns.
• The deeptech startup ecosystem benefits from a ₹10,000 crore fund, but investment confidence remains low.
• Bureaucratic hurdles continue to affect research funding.

Education and Health Research

• Health research receives increased support, particularly in biomedical devices and nutrition.
• Central universities receive only a 4.3% budget increase, compared to an 8.4% rise for IITs, despite serving more students.
• A revision of research fellowships is needed to support young researchers adequately.
• AI research receives funding, but concerns remain about its real benefits for Indian society.
• The Budget lacks significant steps to address mental health and value-based learning in schools.

Challenges in Education and Scientific Development

• The National Education Policy (NEP-2020) recommended spending 6% of GDP on education, but the Budget allocates only 2.54%.
• Funding for institutions such as IISc and IISERs has been reduced.
• The University Grants Commission (UGC) faced a major budget cut in the previous year, and although there is an increase this year, it remains below pre-2024 levels.
• There is a five-fold increase in funding for ‘Indian Knowledge Systems,’ indicating a shift in educational priorities.

Conclusion

• Overall, the Budget places a strong focus on applied research and industrial collaboration but raises concerns about the lack of support for basic research and education.

PYQ: Scientific research in Indian universities is declining, because a career in science is not as attractive as our business operations, engineering or administration, and the universities are becoming consumer oriented. Critically comment. (200 words/12.5m) (UPSC CSE (M) GS-3 2014)

17. What is contributing to the downturn in Indian markets?

Context

The BSE Sensex has been declining for six consecutive days due to a major sell-off by foreign institutional investors (FIIs) and foreign portfolio investors (FPIs).

 

Impact of U.S. Tariff Policy

• The U.S. President has directed an increase in tariffs on steel and aluminium imports to protect American industries.
• This move has caused concerns in Indian markets about possible dumping of excess Asian steel in India, leading to lower prices and increased competition.
• Indian steel manufacturers are already seeing price reductions, with reports of Net Smelting Return (NSR) dropping by ₹1,800 in one quarter.
• India’s Directorate General for Trade Remedies (DGTR) is investigating the import of steel products to address concerns of unfair trade practices.

Foreign Investment Outflow

• FIIs and FPIs are shifting their investments to U.S. bonds, which are seen as safer compared to Indian markets.
• Higher U.S. bond yields attract foreign investors away from Indian stocks, leading to capital outflow.
• Contributing factors to this trend include slow domestic earnings growth, high stock valuations, inflation exceeding the Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) 4% threshold, and trade uncertainties.
• The continuous FII selling has impacted market sentiment, with foreign investors selling ₹93,907 crore in Indian markets this year.

Impact on Stocks

• Mid-cap and small-cap stocks are experiencing price corrections due to heavy sell-offs.
• Domestic institutional investors are absorbing some of the foreign outflows but not enough to prevent the market downturn.

Near-term Outlook

• The possibility of a trade war, global economic slowdown, and geopolitical tensions could continue influencing markets.
• FIIs are expected to return when Indian economic growth and corporate earnings improve and when the U.S. dollar weakens.
• Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) flows are expected to remain strong and help absorb a portion of the market selling pressure.

18. Would Trump break the capital controls taboo with a Tobin tax?

Context

● The U.S. has traditionally avoided restrictions on foreign investments. ● Policymakers are now discussing imposing taxes or barriers on inward capital flows.

 

Concerns Over Trade Deficit

• The U.S. administration believes trade deficits result from foreign countries undervaluing their currencies.
• This practice is thought to harm American industries and jobs.
• Countries with trade surpluses reinvest in U.S. assets, strengthening the dollar and reducing U.S. export competitiveness.

Tariffs as a Policy Tool

• Tariffs on imports are being used to counter trade imbalances.
• However, they often strengthen the dollar, worsening competitiveness issues instead of resolving them.
• Experts suggest a Tobin Tax on foreign investments to generate revenue and regulate capital inflows.
• This tax could be a better alternative to tariffs.

What is Tobin Tax?

● The Tobin Tax is a small tax on foreign currency transactions proposed by economist James Tobin in 1972 to reduce short-term speculative trading. ● It aims to stabilize currency markets by discouraging excessive speculation while generating government revenue. ● The tax is particularly relevant during financial crises, as it can help regulate capital flows and reduce market volatility. ● Some countries have considered implementing it to control exchange rate fluctuations.

 

19. Income-tax Bill, 2025 Introduced

Context

The Income-tax Bill, 2025 was introduced in the Lok Sabha to replace the Income-tax Act, 1961, aiming to simplify India’s direct tax system.

 

A Move Towards Simplicity

• The Income-tax Bill, 2025, introduced in Lok Sabha, aims to replace the six-decade-old Income-tax Act, 1961, by streamlining tax provisions, eliminating redundant sections, and introducing a more structured and comprehensible legal framework.
• The bill focuses on clarity and ease of compliance for taxpayers, ensuring continuity without major structural changes in direct taxation.

Key Structural Changes: Shorter and More Organised

• The new bill is 24% shorter than the current Act, with fewer chapters (23 vs. 47) and sections (536 vs. 819).
• The complex numbering system used in the past has been eliminated, making navigation easier.
• All tax-related deductions, exemptions, and TDS/TCS rates have been presented in tabular formats for better accessibility.

Shifting to ‘Tax Year’ from ‘Assessment Year’

• A significant change is the replacement of the Assessment Year (AY) with the Tax Year, simplifying the process by aligning tax assessment with economic activity in the same financial year.
• This eliminates confusion caused by tracking different periods for taxation.

Social Media and Crypto Regulation

• The bill expands tax authorities’ access to digital assets and online spaces, including social media accounts, cloud servers, and online investments, enhancing scrutiny in surveys and searches.
• Furthermore, cryptocurrencies have been formally classified as capital assets, reinforcing their taxability under capital gains.

Reforming Dispute Resolution

• The bill introduces greater clarity in Dispute Resolution Panel (DRP) decisions by explicitly stating points of determination and reasoning, addressing past ambiguities that led to litigation.

Capital Gains and Deductions: Streamlining Exemptions

• Outdated provisions such as Section 54E, which covered exemptions for capital gains before April 1992, have been removed.
• The standard deduction, gratuity, and leave encashment provisions have been reorganized into a structured format for better comprehension.

Taxation Framework and Income Scope

• While the income tax structure remains largely unchanged, the bill expands the definition of income to incorporate emerging sources.
• Tax slabs for the new tax regime are clearly listed, but old tax regime slabs are not explicitly detailed, indicating a possible shift in focus towards the new structure.

The Road Ahead: Legislative Process and Implementation

• The bill, following its Interim Budget 2024 announcement, is expected to undergo Parliamentary review before final approval.
• Once passed, it will come into effect on April 1, 2026.
• Despite its simplifications, tax experts note that compliance provisions remain largely unchanged, focusing primarily on reducing redundancy rather than introducing major policy shifts.

Conclusion: Towards a More Transparent Tax System

• The Income-tax Bill, 2025, marks a major step toward simplification and transparency in India’s direct taxation system.
• By reducing legal complexity, introducing structured formats, and eliminating obsolete provisions, the bill aims to enhance tax certainty, reduce litigation, and create a modernized and taxpayer-friendly framework.

20. India’s Sovereign Green bonds

Context

India has issued sovereign green bonds (SGrBs) to fund its transition to a low-carbon economy, but weak investor demand has limited their effectiveness.

 

Analysis of the news:

Understanding Green Bonds and Their Purpose

• Green bonds are debt instruments used to raise funds for climate-friendly projects, with investors expecting long-term stable returns.
• India launched its sovereign green bond framework in 2022, defining eligible green projects in areas like renewable energy, afforestation, and energy-efficient transport.
• Since 2022-23, India has issued SGrBs eight times, raising nearly ₹53,000 crore, primarily funding electric locomotives and metro projects.

Challenges Affecting Investor Interest

Several factors have contributed to weak demand for India’s green bonds:

• Liquidity Issues: Small issue sizes and investors holding bonds until maturity limit secondary market trading.
• Lack of Responsible Investing Ecosystem: India lacks a strong network of social impact funds and mandates for responsible investing.
• Delayed Reporting: Investors rely on post-issuance reports to assess green bond credibility, but India has been slow in publishing these reports, affecting confidence.

Impact on Green Project Funding

• Due to lower-than-expected proceeds from SGrBs, the government has had to revise its 2024-25 funding estimates from ₹32,061 crore to ₹25,298 crore.
• This shortfall has led to drastic budget cuts, such as reducing allocations for grid-scale solar projects from ₹10,000 crore to ₹1,300 crore.
• The remaining gap is being covered by general government revenue.

Potential Solutions and the Way Forward

• Sustainability Bonds: Combining green and social projects in bond issuances could increase investor interest, as seen in other emerging markets.
• Improved Reporting Practices: Faster and transparent post-issuance reporting can build credibility and attract investors.
• Multilateral Bank Partnerships: Collaboration with multilateral development banks could enhance India’s green bond strategy by leveraging their credit ratings.

21. India’s Tariff Cut on Bourbon

Context

●  India reduced tariffs on American bourbon whiskey from 150% to 100%. ●  This move aims to strengthen trade ties with the US while making bourbon more accessible to Indian consumers.

What Defines Bourbon?

• As per US law, bourbon must be made in the US with at least 51% corn, aged in new charred oak barrels for at least two years, and bottled at 40-62.5% alcohol by volume.
• While it can be produced anywhere in the US, it is closely associated with Kentucky.

How Bourbon is Made

• Bourbon typically consists of 70% corn, with the remainder being rye, malted barley, or wheat.
• The grains are fermented, distilled twice, and aged in charred oak barrels, which impart its distinct caramelized, oaky flavor.
• Before bottling, it is diluted to meet legal alcohol content requirements.

Historical Evolution of Bourbon

• Bourbon’s origins trace back to Scottish and Irish settlers in 17th-century America, who incorporated locally grown corn into whiskey production.
• While no single inventor is credited, it evolved into its modern form in the 19th century.
• Initially a working-class drink, bourbon gained widespread popularity post-Prohibition and is now a global spirit with a market valued at $7.8 billion in 2021.

22. Government Considers Raising Bank Deposit Insurance Limit

Context

● The Indian government is considering raising the deposit insurance cover for bank deposits from the current ₹5 lakh. ● This decision follows recent regulatory actions by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) against the New India Co-operative Bank due to concerns over governance and financial stability.

 

Analysis of the news:

RBI’s Action on New India Co-operative Bank

• The RBI imposed restrictions on New India Co-operative Bank, including barring it from granting loans, accepting fresh deposits, and disbursing payments without prior approval.
• The bank, operating 30 branches, has posted consistent losses and faces severe governance issues, prompting these regulatory measures.

Significance of Deposit Insurance

• The Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC) insures deposits up to ₹5 lakh per depositor per bank, covering principal and interest.
• This safeguard is crucial for protecting small depositors in the event of a bank failure, thereby maintaining trust in the banking sector.

Current Insurance Coverage and Its Limitations

• While the ₹5 lakh insurance limit covers 97.8% of depositors, it may not sufficiently protect depositors with higher savings.
• Given inflation, rising income levels, and an expanding economy, there is a growing case for revising this limit upward to enhance depositor confidence and financial security.

Case for Increasing the Insurance Limit

• An upward revision would offer stronger protection against potential bank failures, restore public confidence, and align India’s deposit insurance coverage with global benchmarks.
• It would also address risks arising from increasing deposit values and financial formalization in the economy.

23. Understanding the Importance and Quality of Government Spending in India

Context

The RBI released a study analyzing the quality of public expenditure by the Centre and states since 1991, highlighting trends in fiscal discipline and capital expenditure.

Why Government Spending Matters

• Government expenditure is fundamentally the people’s money, sourced through taxes and borrowings.
• According to Margaret Thatcher, government spending ultimately burdens citizens, either through direct taxation or borrowing from their savings.
• Therefore, how and where the government spends significantly impacts economic growth, social development, and the financial well-being of citizens.
• Efficient public spending ensures optimal use of resources, leading to better infrastructure, education, healthcare, and overall economic progress.

Key Trends in India’s Public Expenditure

Over the past two decades, India’s public spending has been shaped by two major trends:

1. Fiscal Discipline:
   Instituted through the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act in 2003, fiscal discipline aims to limit government borrowing. The Act mandates that the fiscal deficit should not exceed 3% of GDP and the revenue deficit should be zero. This ensures borrowing is channeled toward capital expenditure, which enhances economic capacity rather than funding daily operational costs.
2. Focus on Capital Expenditure:
   Capital expenditure (Capex) is critical as it boosts the economy’s productive capacity. Investments in infrastructure like roads, railways, and ports stimulate long-term growth. In contrast, revenue expenditure, such as salaries and subsidies, offers limited long-term benefits. India’s increasing emphasis on Capex reflects a strategic shift toward sustainable economic development.

Challenges in Maintaining Spending Quality

Despite consensus on fiscal prudence and Capex emphasis, India faces challenges that affect the quality of public expenditure:

• Crisis-Driven Spending: Events like the 2008 Global Financial Crisis and the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic forced governments to increase revenue expenditure through stimulus packages, eroding spending quality.
• Political Populism: Policies like loan waivers and subsidies, though politically popular, divert funds from productive investments, impacting long-term growth potential.

RBI’s Quality of Public Expenditure (QPE) Index

To holistically measure spending quality, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) developed the QPE Index using five key indicators:

1. Capital Outlay to GDP Ratio: Higher ratios indicate better spending quality due to infrastructure investments.
2. Revenue Expenditure to Capital Outlay Ratio: Lower ratios suggest more productive spending.
3. Development Expenditure to GDP Ratio: Higher ratios reflect greater investments in growth-stimulating sectors like education, healthcare, and R&D.
4. Development Expenditure to Total Expenditure: A higher proportion indicates prioritization of growth-centric spending.
5. Interest Payments to Total Expenditure Ratio: Lower values indicate fiscal health, showing reduced reliance on debt.

India’s Performance Across Six Phases

The RBI’s analysis (1991-present) divides India’s spending trends into six phases:

1. Phase 1 (Early Reforms):
   Marginal improvements at the Centre, with states experiencing a slight decline due to fiscal pressures and reduced public investments.
2. Phase 2 (Pay Commission Impact):
   Both Centre and states saw sharp declines in spending quality due to higher interest payments and revenue expenditures following the Fifth Pay Commission.
3. Phase 3 (Growth and Fiscal Discipline):
   The introduction of the FRBM Act and robust economic growth improved the QPE index significantly. States also benefited from higher fiscal devolution.
4. Phase 4 (Global Financial Crisis):
   The 2008 crisis led to increased countercyclical spending, raising deficits and slowing improvements in expenditure quality.
5. Phase 5 (GST and State Gains):
   States improved their QPE through development-focused spending, aided by GST revenue-sharing reforms, while the Centre faced fiscal challenges.
6. Phase 6 (Covid Recovery and Capex Focus):
   Post-Covid recovery efforts, marked by substantial capital expenditure, have pushed India’s public spending quality to near-record highs.

Conclusion

• India’s journey toward improving public expenditure quality reflects a balance between fiscal discipline and growth-oriented investments.
• Despite crises and political pressures, the emphasis on capital expenditure and prudent fiscal management has led to significant improvements.
• The RBI’s QPE index now indicates that India’s public spending quality is at one of its best levels since 1991, signaling a promising trajectory for sustained economic growth.

24. Ex-Gratia Payments

Context

The Ministry of Railways disbursed ex-gratia payments in cash to the next of kin of victims of the New Delhi railway station stampede, raising concerns over the mode of payment.

 

Analysis of the news:

Ex-Gratia Payments: Meaning and Difference from Compensation

• Ex-gratia payments are goodwill payments made out of moral obligation, without any legal liability.
• In contrast, compensation is a legally mandated payment aimed at reimbursing losses such as life, property, or livelihood.
• The recent disbursal of ex-gratia payments by the Ministry of Railways after the New Delhi railway station stampede falls under the former category, intended to provide immediate relief rather than admitting responsibility.

Mode of Ex-Gratia Payments: Cash vs. Bank Transfers

• Typically, ex-gratia payments are disbursed through bank transfers for better accountability and transparency.
• However, in exceptional cases, such as the recent railway stampede, entire payments were made in cash after Aadhaar verification.
• Although cash disbursals are rare, authorities justified them by citing exigencies like victims lacking immediate access to bank details.
• However, legal experts argue that bank transfers provide concrete proof and are preferable for maintaining transparency.

Government Guidelines and Past Practices

• The 2023 Railway Board communication allows a cash disbursal of up to ₹50,000 for initial expenses, with the balance recommended via bank transfers.
• However, the entire ₹10 lakh ex-gratia amount was paid in cash during this incident, raising questions about adherence to these guidelines.
• Comparatively, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Delhi government mandated Aadhaar-linked Direct Benefit Transfers for ex-gratia payments, ensuring traceability and minimizing risks of mismanagement.

Government’s Justification and Challenges

• Railway officials defended the cash disbursal by pointing out that similar practices were followed during the Balasore train accident.
• They argued that cash payments were necessary due to the lack of bank accounts or readily available bank details among some recipients.
• While immediate cash relief addresses urgent needs, it also raises concerns over transparency, accountability, and potential misuse, highlighting the need for standardized protocols across all government departments.

25. RBI Survey Reveals Farmers Receive 40-67% of Consumer Prices for Rabi Crops

Context

●  A pan-India survey conducted by RBI officials (May-July 2024) analyzed the share of consumer prices received by farmers for major rabi crops. ● Findings indicate that farmers’ share varies between 40-67%, with non-perishable crops securing higher shares than perishable crops.

Higher Share for Non-Perishables

• Wheat Farmers Benefiting the Most: Wheat farmers receive 67% of consumer prices due to government procurement at Minimum Support Price (MSP). Around 25% of surveyed wheat farmers sold their produce to the government, ensuring a stable market.
• Rice Farmers’ Share: Estimated at 52%, consistent with previous survey trends.

Lower Share for Perishable Crops

• Fruits and vegetables provide farmers a lower share (40-63%) due to high retailer and trader markups.
• The perishability factor leads to price fluctuations depending on demand-supply conditions.
• The unorganized supply chain of fruits and vegetables creates inefficiencies, compressing farmers’ earnings.

Farmers’ Share in Pulses and Oilseeds

• Lentil Farmers: Receive 66% of consumer prices, while gram (chana) farmers get around 60%. A higher share is desirable to boost production and reduce import dependency.
• Oilseeds: Rapeseed and mustard farmers receive 52%, slightly lower than the 55% recorded in 2021.

Supply Chain Challenges

• The fruit and vegetable supply chain remains highly unorganized, involving multiple intermediaries.
• Higher transaction costs (transportation, labour, rent) lower retailers’ markups, while post-harvest losses in perishables often increase consumer prices.

Digital Transactions on the Rise

• Cash remains dominant in agricultural transactions, but the 2024 survey noted a significant increase in electronic payments compared to 2018 and 2022.

Weather and Irrigation as Key Factors

• Farmers’ rabi sowing decisions are heavily influenced by weather forecasts and irrigation availability.

Environment

1. ‘India’s tiger population rose 30% over two decades’

Context

A study highlights India’s tiger population growth by 30% over 20 years, driven by effective conservation strategies, legislative support, and socio-economic factors.

 

Analysis of the news:

• A new study found that India’s tiger population has increased by 30% over the past two decades.
• Despite high human densities and economic challenges, India achieved remarkable success in tiger conservation.
• Protected areas and land-sparing strategies have allowed 85% of breeding populations to thrive.
• Tigers now coexist with over 66 million people, demonstrating successful coexistence.
• Legislative frameworks like the Wildlife Protection Act, Forest Conservation Act, and National Tiger Conservation Authority contributed to the recovery.
• Economic prosperity and cultural values have influenced tiger persistence, with lower poverty regions seeing better recolonization rates.
• Naxal-affected areas in Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand have experienced declining tiger populations.

Tiger Population in India

● India is home to 70% of the world’s wild tiger population. ● Government data from July 2024 reports 2,226 tigers in 2024, up from 1,411 in 2006.

 

2. Green cardamom’s new relatives include two newly identified species from Kerala

Context

Scientists discovered six close relatives of cardamom, expanding its genus and potentially improving future spice production with new species.

 

• Cardamom, known for its strong flavor and aroma, has six close relatives, not just one as previously thought.
• An international team of scientists discovered these relatives, four of which were previously classified under a different group called Alpinia.
• Two new species of cardamom were identified in Kerala’s Western Ghats, specifically from the Periyar Tiger Reserve and Agasthyamalai hills.
• The findings, published in the journal Taxon, now place seven species under the Elettaria genus, including the widely known green cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum.
• This discovery could potentially improve spice farming in the future, as these related species may have overlooked genetic resources useful for production.

3. After Manipur, Assam destroys poppy plantations

Context

Assam police destroyed poppy plantations worth ₹27.2 crore in Goalpara, part of a broader anti-drug drive amidst regional tensions.

About Poppy Plant:

• Poppy is a flowering plant of the genus Papaver, most commonly associated with Papaver somniferum.
• The plant is widely cultivated for its seeds, which are used in cooking, and for its latex, which produces opium.
• Opium is processed to create narcotics such as morphine and heroin.
• Poppy cultivation is illegal in many countries due to its connection to drug production.
• In some regions, poppy farming is a major issue, contributing to the illegal drug trade.
• The plant requires specific growing conditions, such as well-drained soil and a moderate climate.
• Poppy cultivation is banned in most countries due to its illicit drug potential.

 

2. What is the SC directive on sacred groves?

Context

The Supreme Court of India directed Rajasthan to map and classify sacred groves as community reserves, creating a conflict with the Forest Rights Act of 2006.

Supreme Court’s Order on Sacred Groves

• On December 18, 2024, the Supreme Court ordered the Forest Department of Rajasthan to map sacred groves.
• Sacred groves will be classified as ‘forests’ and notified as ‘community reserves’ under the Wildlife Protection Act (WLPA) 1972.
• This decision moves the control from community management to forest officials for conservation.
• This clashes with the Forest Rights Act (FRA) 2006, which supports community rights over forest lands.
• Rajasthan has around 25,000 sacred groves, covering six lakh hectares of land.

Background of the Case

• In the 1990s, the Supreme Court defined ‘forest land’ to include any land recorded as forest by the government.
• In 2004, the Rajasthan government identified some sacred groves as ‘deemed forests’ based on a narrow criterion.
• The Supreme Court disagreed, insisting on a broader definition of forest land.
• In 2018, the Court directed Rajasthan to follow this broader definition.

What are Sacred Groves?

• Sacred groves are patches of forest managed by local communities through traditions and beliefs.
• They are protected by customs, with no resource extraction allowed except for medicinal plants.
• Sacred groves are biodiversity hotspots and often linked to temples, shrines, or pilgrimage sites.
• India has 1 to 10 lakh sacred groves, the highest in the world.
• They help control floods, droughts, and soil erosion, and support local wildlife.

What are Community Reserves?

• The WLPA 2002 introduced ‘community reserves’ as a type of protected area.
• These reserves are set up by communities to conserve wildlife and habitats.
• Rules in community reserves prevent activities like poaching, fire-setting, and habitat destruction.
• A management committee oversees the reserve, with local community members and officials.

Conflict with the Forest Rights Act (FRA)

• Sacred groves are considered ‘community forest resources’ under the FRA.
• The FRA gives gram sabhas (village councils) the right to manage these resources.
• Under FRA, sacred groves fall under the control of local communities, not the Forest or Wildlife Department.
• By classifying them as community reserves, the Forest Department’s control conflicts with community rights.

Conclusion

• The Supreme Court’s decision to classify sacred groves as community reserves may clash with the FRA.
• This creates a conflict between modern conservation methods and traditional community management of sacred groves.

4. India Recalibrates Climate Strategy

Context

India has shifted its climate strategy by prioritizing economic growth and climate adaptation over emission reduction.

 

Prioritizing Adaptation Over Mitigation

• India has signaled a crucial shift in its climate policy, emphasizing adaptation over emission reduction.
• It argues that excessive focus on a specific temperature goal does not align with the immediate needs of developing nations.
• Instead, building resilience against climate change and ensuring economic growth is the most effective strategy.

Economic Growth as a Climate Shield

• India contends that rapid economic development is the best defense against climate change.
• This perspective justifies its reluctance to phase out coal-based power, as restricting energy sources could hinder growth.
• The Economic Survey 2024-25 reinforces this view, advocating for achieving developed-country parameters by 2047 before pursuing aggressive decarbonization.

Global Climate Action on the Back Burner

• International focus on climate action has waned, with geopolitical crises and financial shortcomings overshadowing climate commitments.
• Developed nations have failed to meet their emission reduction and financial obligations, eroding trust in global climate governance.
• The U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement under President Trump further weakens global efforts.

Maintaining a Low-Carbon Pathway

• Despite its stance, India recognizes the need to transition to clean energy to remain competitive.
• It aims to develop indigenous technologies, such as small modular nuclear reactors (SMRs), to reduce dependence on foreign supply chains.
• Achieving climate goals requires aggressive expansion of renewables, including solar, wind, and hydrogen, alongside nuclear power.

Balancing Growth and Sustainability

• India’s recalibrated approach does not reject decarbonization but demands flexibility in its climate policies.
• It asserts its right to determine the pace and nature of its energy transition, balancing economic aspirations with sustainability.

5. Marine Heatwaves Intensify in Western Australia

Context

The recent marine heatwaves (MHWs) in Western Australia, ongoing since September 2024, have intensified due to climate change.

                                    

Marine Heatwaves in Western Australia

• These extreme oceanic temperature anomalies, with sea surface temperatures rising 2°C above average, have been linked to mass fish deaths.
• Climate Central’s analysis suggests that climate change has made such events up to 100 times more likely.

What Are Marine Heatwaves?

• MHWs occur when ocean temperatures rise at least 3-4°C above normal for five or more consecutive days.
• They have become more frequent, lasting for weeks, months, or even years.
• Studies indicate a doubling in MHW occurrences since 1982, with a 50% increase in their duration and severity over the past decade.

Why Are MHWs Intensifying?

• Global warming is the primary driver, with 90% of excess heat absorbed by the oceans.
• Since 1850, global sea surface temperatures have risen by 0.9°C, with a 0.6°C increase in just the past four decades.
• Projections indicate a 16-fold increase in MHWs at 1.5°C warming and a 23-fold increase at 2.0°C.

Ecological and Economic Impacts

• MHWs cause mass fish die-offs, coral bleaching, and destruction of marine ecosystems like kelp forests.
• The 2010-11 Western Australia MHW wiped out marine habitats, and the 2024 Great Barrier Reef event marked its seventh mass bleaching.
• These changes threaten marine biodiversity, fisheries, and coastal economies dependent on marine resources.

 

6. AI-enabled cameras in Similipal Tiger Reserve

Context

Poaching in the Similipal Tiger Reserve has been a serious problem, with poachers frequently armed with guns.

 

Introduction of an AI-based surveillance system

• The introduction of an AI-based surveillance system, TrailGuard AI, has helped reduce such incidents significantly.
• This system consists of 100-150 cameras equipped with AI technology to detect human presence in the forest.

How TrailGuard AI Works

• The AI-enabled cameras operate in low-power mode but switch to high-power when they sense movement.
• The cameras classify objects such as animals, humans, and vehicles.
• If poaching activity is suspected, the system transmits an image to officials within 30-40 seconds.
• A control room monitors the alerts and informs the forest department for immediate action.

Impact of TrailGuard AI on Poaching Reduction

• In the last 10 months, 96 poachers have been arrested, and 86 country-made guns seized.

Concerns of Local Communities

• Tribal communities living around Similipal traditionally rely on the forest for resources.
• Increased surveillance has made villagers hesitant to enter the forest for firewood and other essentials.
• Authorities are working on safer ways for locals to access the forest without facing unnecessary restrictions.

Future Applications of AI in Wildlife Conservation

• The TrailGuard system has been deployed in five States at over 14 sites.
• It is also being used in Kanha Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh and Dudhwa National Park in Uttar Pradesh to monitor human-wildlife conflict.
• Experts believe this technology can revolutionize wildlife monitoring and anti-poaching efforts across India’s protected areas.

Similipal Tiger Reserve

● Location: Similipal Tiger Reserve is situated in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha, India. ● Area: It covers 2,750 sq km, making it one of India’s largest tiger reserves. ● Establishment: Declared a tiger reserve in 1973 under Project Tiger, it was later designated a biosphere reserve in 1994. ● Flora and Fauna: Home to Bengal tigers, elephants, gaurs, and rare melanistic tigers, it has diverse vegetation, including tropical moist deciduous forests. ● Rivers and Waterfalls: It has perennial rivers like Budhabalanga and stunning waterfalls such as Barehipani and Joranda.

 

7. Carbon capture: a pricey fix?

Context

Carbon capture reduces CO₂ emissions by capturing, storing, or utilizing carbon from industrial and atmospheric sources.

 

What is carbon capture?

• Definition: Carbon capture is a technology that captures carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from industrial sources or directly from the atmosphere to reduce greenhouse gas levels.
• Purpose: It aims to mitigate climate change by preventing CO₂ from reaching the atmosphere.
• Process:
  • Capturing CO₂ from power plants, factories, or the air.
  • Transporting it via pipelines or ships.
  • Storing it underground in geological formations or converting it into useful products.
• Types:
  • Pre-combustion capture: Removes CO₂ before fuel is burned.
  • Post-combustion capture: Extracts CO₂ from exhaust gases.
  • Direct air capture (DAC): Captures CO₂ from the atmosphere.
• Challenges: High costs, energy requirements, and concerns over long-term storage safety.
• Alternatives: Renewable energy sources like solar and wind are often seen as more cost-effective.

8. What is the Aravali safari park project?

Context

The Haryana government plans to build the world’s largest safari park in Aravali, but the project faces strong environmental opposition.

 

Aravali Safari Park Project:

• The Aravali Safari Park project is a large wildlife park planned by the Haryana government in the Aravali hills, covering 3,858 hectares across Gurugram and Nuh.
• It aims to be the world’s largest safari park and will include animal enclosures, hotels, restaurants, an auditorium, a children’s park, botanical gardens, an aquarium, cable cars, a tunnel walk, an open-air theatre, and other attractions.
• The project was initially managed by the Tourism Department but has now been transferred to the Forest Department, with an expert committee overseeing it.
• However, the project faces strong opposition from environmentalists and retired forest officers.
• They argue that it will harm the fragile Aravali ecosystem, disturb groundwater reserves, and increase pollution due to heavy tourist footfall.
• The Aravali hills are protected by various environmental laws and serve as a crucial barrier against desertification.
• Critics suggest preserving the area as a national park instead of building a safari park.

 

9. Humpback Whale Accidentally Engulfs Kayaker in Chile

Context

On February 8, 23-year-old Venezuelan kayaker Adrián Simancas was briefly engulfed by a humpback whale while kayaking through the Strait of Magellan, off Chile’s Patagonian coast.

 

Types of Whales

Whales are classified into two main families:

1. Baleen Whales: Includes humpbacks, blue whales, and grey whales. They lack teeth and instead possess baleen plates made of keratin to filter small prey like krill, plankton, and small fish from the water.

2. Toothed Whales: Comprising over 70 species such as sperm whales, killer whales, and dolphins. These whales have teeth used to grab prey, which they swallow whole, but do not chew their food.

Can Whales Swallow Humans?

• Despite their large mouths, baleen whales like humpbacks have throats roughly the size of a human fist, making it impossible for them to swallow humans.
• Toothed whales have larger oesophagi but are similarly incapable of swallowing an entire human.
• The only exception is the sperm whale, which has a throat large enough to swallow a human, though such an occurrence is extremely rare.

Why Did the Whale Engulf the Kayaker?

• According to experts from Marine Conservation, humpback whales often charge to the surface with open mouths to capture prey.
• It is likely the whale did not detect the kayak due to cloudy conditions and the kayak’s minimal noise.
• Humpbacks primarily rely on hearing, and small, motorless vessels like kayaks produce little sound, contributing to the accidental encounter.

10. A record 6.5 lakh Olive Ridley turtles reach Odisha beach for mass nesting

Context

A record 6.5 lakh Olive Ridley turtles have arrived at Rushikulya beach in Odisha’s Ganjam district for mass nesting after a gap of two years.

 

Analysis of the news:

• In the previous two years (2023-24 and 2024-25), only sporadic nesting was observed at the site, with the last major nesting event recorded in 2022-23.
• This is the highest number of turtles ever recorded at Rushikulya beach.
• Mass nesting at Gahirmatha in Odisha’s Kendrapara district is expected to begin soon, following the usual pattern.
• The Indian Coast Guard is patrolling the area to prevent human interference through seaward poaching or leisure activities.
• ‘Operation Olivia’, conducted from November 1 to May 31, is helping protect Olive Ridley turtles, showing positive results.

Olive Ridley Turtles

● Conservation Status: Listed as Vulnerable under the IUCN Red List. ● Legal Protection: Protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. ● Habitat: Found in warm tropical waters of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. ● Mass Nesting (Arribada): Known for synchronous mass nesting at sites like Rushikulya, Gahirmatha, and Devi River (Odisha). ● Threats: Poaching, fishing net entanglement, habitat destruction, and climate change. ● Reproductive Cycle: Females lay 100-150 eggs per clutch, with hatching occurring in 45-60 days. ● International Protection: Covered under CITES Appendix I and CMS (Convention on Migratory Species).

 

11. Global Glacier Melting Triggers 2 cm Sea Level Rise

Context

A new study revealed that global glacier melting has caused a 2 cm rise in sea levels since 2000, increasing the risk of coastal flooding worldwide.

Extent of Glacier Melting and Sea Level Rise

• Glaciers have been losing an alarming 273 billion tonnes of ice annually for the last 25 years.
• While 2 cm might seem negligible, experts warn that each centimetre of sea-level rise exposes an additional 2 million people to annual flooding, emphasizing the severe human impact.

Key Drivers of Sea Level Rise

1. Glacier and Ice Sheet Melting

• Global warming has accelerated the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, with glaciers losing between 2% and 39% of their ice regionally and 5% globally since 2000.
• This loss surpasses that of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets by 18%, posing a critical threat to coastal populations.

2. 2. Thermal Expansion of Seawater

• As ocean temperatures rise, seawater expands—a phenomenon known as thermal expansion—responsible for one-third to half of the global sea level rise, according to NASA.
• This thermal expansion, coupled with ice melt, exacerbates sea level increases.

Sea Level Rise Trends and Regional Variations

• Since 1880, global sea levels have risen by 21 cm, with a sharp acceleration noted in recent decades—from 18 cm per year (1993) to 0.42 cm per year (2024).
• The rise is uneven globally; for example, the southwestern Indian Ocean sees a rise of 5 mm per year, surpassing the global average.
• In India, coastal cities like Mumbai have experienced the highest sea level rise (44 cm between 1987 and 2021), making them highly vulnerable due to low elevation.
• Other affected cities include Haldia (2.726 cm), Visakhapatnam (2.381 cm), and Kochi (2.213 cm).

Why Rising Sea Levels Are Concerning

1. Increased Flooding and Coastal Erosion

• Rising seas result in frequent coastal flooding, intensifying coastal erosion and displacing coastal populations.
• For example, the West Bengal coast lost 99 sq km of land between 1990 and 2016, highlighting the dire consequences of unchecked sea level rise.

2. Threat to Coastal Ecosystems and Freshwater Supplies

• Storm surges become more intense with higher sea levels, affecting mangroves, coral reefs, and salt marshes.
• Additionally, saltwater intrusion threatens freshwater reserves, impacting agriculture and daily water consumption.

3. Population Vulnerability

• Approximately 29% of the global population lives within 50 km of the coast, and 15% within 10 km, making large populations vulnerable to flooding, displacement, and economic disruption.

The Way Forward:

If greenhouse gas emissions continue unchecked, NASA estimates an additional 20 cm rise in sea levels by 2050, potentially doubling flood frequencies globally. Addressing this crisis requires:

• Global emission reductions to slow glacier melting.
• Coastal resilience planning in vulnerable regions.
• International cooperation to mitigate displacement and economic loss.

Conclusion

• The accelerating rise in sea levels, driven by glacier melting and thermal expansion, poses a serious threat to coastal communities, ecosystems, and global economies.
• With cities like Mumbai already witnessing significant impacts, immediate climate action is critical to prevent further disasters and ensure a sustainable future.

12. Madhya Pradesh Strengthens Gharial Conservation with New Release in Chambal

Context

Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Mohan Yadav released 10 gharials into the Chambal River to boost conservation efforts for the critically endangered species.

      

About Gharial

● It is a freshwater crocodile belonging to the Crocodylia Order and Crocodylidae Family. ● Scientific Name: Gavialis gangeticus Distribution: Historically, the gharial’s range spanned the rivers of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan. Today, only fragmented populations remainin Nepan and northern India. Their major population occurs in three tributaries of the Ganga River: the Chambal and Girwa Rivers in India and the Rapti-Naryani River in Nepal. ○        The Gharial reserves of India are located in three States: Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan.

 

Significance of Gharials

• Gharials (Gavialis gangeticus) are critically endangered, fish-eating crocodilians crucial for maintaining river ecosystems by controlling fish populations and cleaning up carrion.
• Their presence indicates a healthy riverine habitat.

Threats to Gharials

Historically, overhunting for skins and traditional medicine reduced their numbers. Modern threats include:

• Habitat destruction due to dams, irrigation canals, and sand mining.
• Pollution degrading water quality.
• Fishing nets, which entangle and kill gharials.

Conservation Initiatives

Madhya Pradesh, home to over 80% of India’s gharials, has led conservation efforts through:

• Captive breeding and reintroduction to boost population.
• Strict river protection measures to curb sand mining and pollution.
• Community engagement to raise awareness and reduce threats.

Role of Chambal Sanctuary

• Spanning three states, the National Chambal Sanctuary is a vital stronghold for gharials, ensuring their survival. It has also helped restore populations in Punjab’s Sutlej and Beas Rivers.

Conclusion

• Madhya Pradesh’s sustained conservation efforts have led to a gharial resurgence.

Features and Conservation status

Features: The gharial is one of the largest of all crocodilian species, with males reaching 16 to 20 feet (5 to 6 meters) in length. Females typically grow to lengths of 11.5 to 15 feet (3.5 to 4.5 meters). They have thick skin covered with smooth epidermal scales that do not overlap. The snout of the gharial is uniquely the thinnest and most elongated among all the crocodilians. In addition, the adult males sport a large bulb at the tip of their snout, called the ‘ghara’. The teeth are more numerous than any other crocodylian species. It is also the most aquatic of all crocodilians, for it never moves far from the water. Because of their weak leg muscles, gharials are poorly equipped for locomotion on land. ●  Conservations Status: The global population of gharials has been reduced from 5000 in the 1940s to a few hundred individuals in the wild. IUCN Red List: Critically endangered. Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I CITES: Appendix I

13. A surge of dead sea turtles in the sand

Context

The death toll of Olive Ridley turtles along Tamil Nadu’s coast has surged dramatically, with 1,200 carcasses found by January 31.

 

Analysis of the news:

• The death toll significantly exceeds the usual annual average, raising alarms among conservationists and local fisherfolk.
• Experts blame destructive fishing practices such as bottom trawling and frequent violations of marine regulations for the increased mortality.
• Turbulent monsoon currents have also contributed to the crisis, worsening the situation for the endangered species.
• The alarming rise in deaths has prompted government action and legal scrutiny to enforce stricter marine conservation measures.
• Conservationists and stakeholders are urging sustainable fishing solutions to protect Olive Ridley turtles and maintain marine ecosystem balance.

Olive Ridley Turtle

● The Olive Ridley turtle is the smallest and most abundant sea turtle species, found in warm tropical waters, including the Indian Ocean. ● It is famous for mass nesting events called arribadas, notably at Odisha’s Gahirmatha and Rushikulya beaches. ● Listed as Vulnerable under the IUCN Red List and protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, its threats include accidental bycatch, habitat loss, and pollution. ● India enforces turtle conservation through the Marine Fisheries Regulation Act and seasonal fishing bans. ● Conservation efforts like Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) and coastal monitoring are crucial for Olive Ridley protection.

 

14. Is global warming accelerating?

Context

January 2025 was 0.09°C warmer than January 2024, making it the hottest January ever recorded.

 

January 2025 Breaks Heat Record

• This year’s January was 75°C warmer than pre-industrial times.
• This marked the 18th month out of the last 19 when global temperatures reached or exceeded 5°C above pre-industrial levels.

Main Cause of Rising Temperatures

• The main reason for the record heat is the buildup of greenhouse gases from burning coal, oil, and natural gas.
• Natural factors like El Niño and La Niña also influence global temperatures.

Unexpected Temperature Trends

• El Niño, which ended in June 2024, contributed to the record heat last year.
• La Niña, which started in January 2025, usually cools the planet but has not significantly slowed warming.
• Some experts predict 2025 could be even hotter than 2024, despite earlier forecasts of lower temperatures.

15. Kiwis rethink deep-sea mining ban

Context

New Zealand is reconsidering its stance on deep-sea mining, which was previously opposed due to environmental concerns.

 

Analysis of the news:

• The government is reviewing its position, arguing that opposition is based on ideological beliefs rather than economic realities.
• The country had supported a ban on deep-sea mining in 2022, citing risks of irreversible damage to ocean ecosystems.
• The government now sees deep-sea mining as a potential source of critical minerals like manganese, cobalt, copper, and nickel, essential for battery production.
• There is growing debate between economic benefits and environmental risks, as scientists warn of unknown consequences on marine ecosystems.
• Some Pacific Island nations are divided on deep-sea mining, with some supporting it and others opposing it.
• New Zealand is also expanding its seabed resource extraction, including coal and iron-rich sands, separate from deep-sea mining.

Science and Technology

 

1. FDA Approves Non-Addictive Painkiller Suzetrigine

Context

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved suzetrigine, a new non-opioid painkiller.

 

What Are Opioids?

• Opioids are pain-relieving drugs derived from or mimicking natural substances in the opium poppy plant.
• Common examples include oxycodone, morphine, codeine, heroin, and fentanyl.
• These drugs work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain, blocking pain signals and producing a sense of pleasure or euphoria.
• This euphoric effect makes opioids highly addictive, often leading to dependence and misuse.

How Suzetrigine Works

• Suzetrigine targets pain signals before they reach the brain, unlike opioids, which alter pain perception in the brain.
• It interrupts the pain pathway at the nerve level, preventing the brain from recognizing pain even when tissue damage exists.
• Because it does not create euphoria, experts believe it has no addiction potential.
• Suzetrigine is taken in 50-milligram doses every 12 hours, with an initial 100-milligram starter dose.

Significance of the Approval

• The opioid crisis remains a major public health issue in the U.S., with 82,000 opioid-related overdose deaths in 2022.
• The country consumes 30 times more opioid painkillers than needed, leading to widespread addiction and illegal drug trade.
• Former President Donald Trump declared opioids a national emergency in 2017, and has since threatened tariffs on Canada, Mexico, and China to curb fentanyl imports.
• Suzetrigine’s approval offers a promising alternative that could help reduce opioid dependence and overdose deaths.

 

2. Building blocks of life found in samples from asteroid Bennu

Context

NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission retrieved rock and dust samples from asteroid Bennu, revealing key organic compounds that may have contributed to the origins of life on Earth.

 

 About OSIRIS – REx

The OSIRIS-REx name is an acronym of the mission objectives, which are:

• Origins: Return and analyze a pristine carbon-rich asteroid sample
• Spectral Interpretation: Provide ground truth or direct observations for telescopic data of the entire asteroid population
• Resource Identification: Map the chemistry and mineralogy of a primitive carbon-rich asteroid
• Security: Measure the effect of sunlight on the orbit of a small asteroid, known as the Yarkovsky effect—the slight push created when the asteroid absorbs sunlight and re-emits that energy as heat
• Regolith Explorer: Document the regolith (layer of loose, outer material) at the sampling site at scales down to the sub-centimeter.

About Asteroid Bennu:

 

• Bennu is a B-type Near-Earth Asteroid.
  • B-type asteroids are a relatively uncommon type of carbonaceous asteroid.
• Because of its high carbon content, the asteroid reflects about four per cent of the light that hits it, which is very low.
  • Earth reflects about 30 per cent of the light.
• There is a slight possibility that Bennu might strike the Earth in the next century, between the years 2175 and 2199.

Organic Compounds and Prebiotic Chemistry

• Two studies, published in Nature Astronomy and Nature, confirm the presence of a diverse mix of organic compounds, including 14 amino acids and all five nucleobases—essential components of DNA and RNA.
• Additionally, minerals formed from evaporated brine were identified, indicating that Bennu’s parent body once had liquid water, a crucial factor for prebiotic chemical reactions.

Implications for the Origin of Life

• The discovery supports the hypothesis that asteroids delivered water and organic molecules to Earth, creating conditions for life to emerge.
• The presence of these compounds in space increases the likelihood of life originating beyond Earth.
• Unlike meteorites that may be contaminated upon landing, the Bennu samples are pristine, strengthening their reliability.

Formation and Evolution of Bennu

• Bennu’s parent body, an icy celestial object possibly 100 km in diameter, formed in the outer solar system and was later destroyed.
• Its fragments, including Bennu, became “rubble pile” asteroids.
• Briny environments within this body might have facilitated the formation of complex prebiotic molecules, though no evidence of DNA or RNA was found.

3. The various challenges associated with AI-driven genetic testing

Context

The article discusses how AI is transforming genomics, enhancing genetic research, and personalizing healthcare, while also highlighting ethical and data security concerns.

 

Introduction to the Human Genome Project

• The Human Genome Project, completed between 1990 and 2003, helped document human DNA and its building blocks.
• It revealed patterns that could predict the likelihood of genetic diseases or abnormalities.
• Initially, predictive tests were costly and available in limited cases like detecting Down’s Syndrome in fetuses or identifying effective cancer treatments.

AI’s Impact on Genomics

• AI has greatly enhanced the ability to process genetic information faster and in larger amounts.
• For instance, in March 2024, researchers identified important genetic code sequences linked to tumours, revealing new opportunities for cancer research and treatment.
• Startups are leveraging AI to process genetic data efficiently, uncover patterns, and predict genetic predispositions, offering personalized recommendations based on individual profiles.

Challenges in Genetic Predictions

Data Privacy and Security

• AI-driven genetic testing involves handling sensitive personal information, raising concerns about data breaches.
• Cases like 23andMe’s 2023 data breach highlight the risks associated with storing genetic data.
• Without strict regulations, personal genetic information can be misused or sold.

Ethical Issues

• Genetic testing raises ethical questions, especially around predicting mental health conditions or complex diseases.
• Ethical guidelines are essential to ensure that AI technologies are not misused for making life-altering decisions without informed consent.
• AI predictions might not always be accurate or complete, leading to potential harm.

Interpretation of Results

• AI tools can analyze large amounts of data but may struggle with interpreting complex genetic variations accurately.
• Some genetic variations may not have a clear significance, leading to “grey zones” in diagnosis.
• Misinterpretation could lead to unnecessary stress or false assurance for patients.

Over-Reliance on Genetics

• Genetics is just one factor in health, and over-relying on AI-driven genetic testing can neglect environmental and lifestyle factors.
• A person’s health or future should not be determined solely by genetic tests.
• Relying too much on AI predictions may lead to decisions that do not account for the full picture.

Accessibility and Cost

• AI-driven genetic testing can be expensive and may not be accessible to everyone.
• There are concerns that only wealthy individuals or developed regions will benefit from such technologies, widening healthcare inequality.

Conclusion

• AI in genetic testing offers great potential but comes with challenges.
• Ethical guidelines, data protection, and ensuring comprehensive healthcare approaches are necessary for its responsible use.

PYQ:  Introduce the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI). How does AI help clinical diagnosis? Do you perceive any threat to privacy of the individual in the use of Al in healthcare? (150 words/10m) (UPSC CSE (M) GS-3 2023)

 

4. Fentanyl

Context

The United States imposed tariffs on goods from China, Canada, and Mexico, citing the threat of illegal immigration and fentanyl trafficking.

 

Fentanyl: A Deadly Opioid

• Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid, nearly 100 times more potent than morphine and 50 times stronger than heroin.
• While used medically for pain relief, illicit fentanyl has fueled the US opioid epidemic, with overdose deaths increasing sixfold between 1999 and 2021.
• The drug is often mixed with other substances, making it even deadlier.

China and Mexico’s Role in Fentanyl Trafficking

• The US blames China for supplying precursor chemicals and Mexico for manufacturing and smuggling fentanyl.
• Reports indicate that Chinese companies ship these chemicals to Mexican cartels, which then process them into pills and traffic them across the southern US border.
• While Canada plays a minimal role, Mexico remains the primary entry point, with nearly 9,600 kg of fentanyl intercepted there compared to just 19 kg at the northern border.

US Government Response

• To curb fentanyl trafficking, the US passed the FEND Off Fentanyl Bill (2024) targeting Mexican cartels and Chinese chemical producers.
• While China has restricted some precursors, tensions over trade and geopolitics complicate deeper cooperation.
• Mexico remains hesitant due to concerns over US intervention, though experts hope for better intelligence-sharing under President Claudia Sheinbaum.

5. Asteroid 2024 YR4: A Potential Threat?

Context

NASA has identified a newly discovered asteroid, 2024 YR4, which has a slightly over 1% chance of colliding with Earth in 2032.

 

Discovery and Characteristics

• The asteroid 2024 YR4 was first detected in December 2023 by a Chilean telescope.
• It measures between 40 to 100 meters in diameter—comparable to a football field.
• On Christmas Day 2023, it passed within 800,000 kilometers of Earth, approximately twice the distance of the Moon.
• Scientists have until mid-April to study its trajectory before it becomes too faint to track, with its next visible approach expected in 2028.

Potential for Destruction

• While not as large as the asteroid that caused the extinction of dinosaurs, 2024 YR4 still poses a significant threat if it crashes into a populated area.
• NASA has rated it a 3 on the Torino Scale (which measures impact hazard on a scale of 0-10).
• If it were to collide with Earth, it could release 8 to 10 megatons of energy, far greater than the 500-kiloton blast from the 2013 Chelyabinsk event, which injured 1,500 people.

Frequency of Asteroid Impacts

• Asteroids frequently enter Earth’s atmosphere, but most burn up due to friction.
• Large asteroid impacts are rare, with extinction-level events occurring roughly every 260 million years.
• Smaller asteroids, however, can still cause regional destruction, depending on their speed and angle of entry.

Planetary Defense Strategies

• To mitigate asteroid threats, space agencies like NASA are working on planetary defense mechanisms.
• The Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) successfully altered the trajectory of the asteroid Dimorphos in 2022, proving that deflection strategies can be effective.
• Ongoing efforts continue to focus on tracking and deflecting potentially hazardous space objects.

About DART Mission:

• NASA’s DART mission was a spacecraft designed to test a method of deflecting an asteroid for planetary defense, using the “kinetic impactor” technique (in simplest terms means smashing a thing into another thing).
• It was the first-ever space mission to demonstrate asteroid deflection by kinetic impactor. The target of the spacecraft was a 160-meter-wide asteroid known as Dimorphos, which is a moonlet in orbit around the larger asteroid, Didymos.
• It was launched in November 2021.
• DART spacecraft successfully collided with Dimorphos on 26 September 2022, altering the asteroid’s orbit by 33 minutes.
• It is the first time humanity intentionally changed the motion of a celestial object in space.

6. Scans of seemingly empty space reveal black holes not far from earth

Context

Astronomers using the Gaia telescope have discovered Gaia BH3, the largest known stellar-mass black hole in the Milky Way, providing insights into black hole formation and evolution.

Black Holes

• Black holes are cosmic objects that trap everything, including light, due to their immense gravity.
• They are visible indirectly through their effects on nearby objects, such as emitting X-rays when matter falls into them.
• The Milky Way contains around a thousand black holes, with Cygnus X-1 being one of the most well-known.

Gaia Telescope and Its Discoveries

• The European Space Agency’s Gaia telescope has been monitoring stars since 2013.
• It has detected black holes by observing stars orbiting “empty” spaces, revealing hidden massive objects.
• Scientists use Gaia’s data with ground-based telescope observations to estimate the mass of these objects.

Gaia Telescope

● Launched: December 19, 2013, by the European Space Agency (ESA). ● Objective: Mapping a 3D model of the Milky Way with unprecedented precision. ● Location: Positioned at Lagrange Point 2 (L2), 1.5 million km from Earth. ● Key Achievements: Cataloged over 1.8 billion stars, measuring their positions, distances, motions, and compositions. ● Scientific Impact: Helped in studying stellar evolution, exoplanets, dark matter, and galactic history. ● The mission is expected to continue until 2025.

 

The First Two Black Holes: Gaia BH1 and BH2

• Gaia BH1 was identified in 2022, located 1,560 light years away.
• The black hole is about nine times the Sun’s mass, determined using Kepler’s third law.
• Gaia BH2, detected in 2023, has a similar mass and was found by tracking a rapidly moving star.

Discovery of Gaia BH3: A Unique Find

• Gaia BH3, discovered in 2023, is the largest known stellar-mass black hole in the Milky Way.
• It has a mass of 33 times that of the Sun, making it significantly larger than Cygnus X-1.
• The black hole is located 2,000 light years away in the constellation Aquila.
• Unlike others, Gaia BH3 is not pulling in material or emitting X-rays, indicating a lack of surrounding matter.

Significance of Gaia BH3

• The orbiting star suggests that this black hole is very old.
• Scientists believe such massive black holes formed early in the universe’s history.
• The discovery provides an opportunity to study a massive stellar black hole within our galaxy.
• The detection of similar black holes through gravitational waves was previously only possible in distant galaxies.

Conclusion

• Gaia BH3 is an important astronomical discovery, helping scientists understand the formation and evolution of black holes.
• Future observations will provide deeper insights into the nature of these mysterious cosmic objects.

7. What is the Extremely Large Telescope?

Context

The Extremely Large Telescope, under construction in Chile, aims to revolutionize astronomy by studying early galaxies, stars, and exoplanet atmospheres.

 

Extremely Large Telescope (ELT):

• The Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) is a $1.51 billion project by the European Southern Observatory (ESO).
• Located in the Atacama Desert in northern Chile, it is under construction on Armazones Hill, 3 km above sea level.
• Expected to be completed by the end of 2028, it will be the world’s largest optical-infrared telescope.
• The telescope’s primary mirror will measure 39.3 meters, made up of 798 small mirrors.
• It will enable the study of the universe’s earliest stars and galaxies.
• Researchers aim to study exoplanet atmospheres for signs of life and improve our understanding of stars in other galaxies.
• The telescope will revolutionize astronomy, impacting various fields, from star formation to exoplanet exploration.

8. Question for the AI age: do machines and humans learn the same way?

Context

The article explores the differences between human and artificial intelligence, highlighting their unique strengths and weaknesses, particularly in learning, adaptability, and energy efficiency.

 

AI’s Rapid Advancement

• AI has evolved from simple data categorization to performing highly complex tasks.
• In 2024, smartphones were introduced with built-in AI models.
• Five of the seven winners of the 2024 science Nobel Prizes were recognized for AI-related contributions.

How Humans Learn

• Machines can quickly analyze large datasets and predict patterns but struggle with understanding human motives.
• Human intelligence evolved to care for offspring, requiring an understanding of intentions.
• Learning in humans involves both immediate survival needs and adapting to changing environments.
• Unlike machines, human learning is continuous and shaped by real-world interactions.

The Role of Curiosity in Human Learning

• Unlike AI, children are naturally curious and learn by exploring their surroundings.
• Human learning involves multiple senses, making it richer than AI learning.
• AI models rely on pre-fed data, whereas humans acquire knowledge through direct experiences.

Efficiency of Human Learning

• Humans require significantly less data to learn effectively.
• AlphaZero, an AI model, played 40 million chess games to achieve mastery, while humans need only tens of thousands.
• Humans quickly adapt knowledge from one area to another, a skill AI struggles with.
• Human brains process information more slowly than AI networks but make faster decisions using generalization.

Human Intelligence Vs. Artificial Intelligence

Where Humans Excel Over AI ●  Humans are better at learning and adapting to new situations without retraining. ● The ability to apply knowledge across different contexts (transfer learning) remains a challenge for AI. ● Humans efficiently learn motor skills, a complex task for AI due to multiple movement variables. ● The human brain is far more energy-efficient compared to AI systems. Where AI Excels Over Humans ●  AI models provide precise and consistent results without fatigue or emotional influence. ● AI’s exhaustive search for solutions often leads to innovative strategies, as seen in chess. ● Unlike humans, AI models do not get distracted and can perform repetitive tasks with accuracy.

 

AI’s Contribution to Understanding Human Learning

• AI models help neuroscientists explore how the brain stores and retrieves memories.
• The success of AI has challenged previous beliefs about human learning processes.
• AI research is advancing symbolic and connectionist models of human cognition.
• Despite AI’s progress, human learning remains unique and distinct.

9. A newly detected asteroid, 2024 YR4

Context

● A newly detected asteroid, 2024 YR4, has a chance of colliding with Earth in about eight years. ● The asteroid is nearly the size of a football field (40-90 meters wide) and was first spotted on December 27, 2024.

 

Potential Impact and Risks

• 2024 YR4 has a 1.6% chance of hitting Earth on December 22, 2032.
• Possible impact sites include parts of the Pacific Ocean, South America, Africa, South Asia, and the Arabian Sea.
• If it hits a city, it could cause significant devastation, potentially wiping out entire cities, similar to the Tunguska event in 1908.

Asteroid’s Orbit and Current Status

• The asteroid follows a four-year elliptical orbit, passing through the inner planets before heading out toward Jupiter.
• Its next close pass to Earth is in 2028.
• The risk assessment is currently low, and scientists expect the likelihood of impact to decrease over time.

Comparison with Historical Events

• The asteroid 2024 YR4 is classified as a “city killer,” similar to the 1908 Tunguska event, which flattened vast areas of Siberia.
• A collision would likely cause an airburst explosion much stronger than the Hiroshima bomb but would not leave a crater.

Conclusion: Experts believe that there is enough time to monitor and prepare for any potential impact.

10. India’s NavIC Navigation System

Context

●  India’s space agency ISRO reported a partial failure of the NVS-02 (IRNSS-1K) navigation satellite due to the non-firing of its engines in space. ● This is the latest setback for the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), also known as Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC), which has faced multiple technical challenges since its inception.

 

NavIC: India’s Indigenous Navigation System

• NavIC was conceived in 1999 after India’s military could not access the US GPS system during the Kargil war.
• The plan was to establish a seven-satellite constellation for both defense and civilian applications by 2016.
• However, as of 2025, only five of the 11 satellites launched under the ₹2,250 crore program are fully operational.

Technical Failures and Setbacks

• The IRNSS program has suffered from multiple failures, mainly due to malfunctions in the rubidium atomic clocks used for navigation.
• By 2016, all atomic clocks on IRNSS-1A had stopped working. Similar failures affected satellites 1C, 1D, 1E, and 1G, significantly reducing the system’s effectiveness.
• The failure of NVS-02 now means that six out of 11 launched satellites have been partially unsuccessful.
• Additionally, IRNSS-1H, launched in 2017 to replace 1A, failed to reach orbit due to a heat shield malfunction.

Current Operational Satellites

• As per ISRO’s 2023-24 report, five NavIC satellites—IRNSS-1B, 1C, 1F, 1I, and NVS-01—are operational.
• However, 1C is reportedly only partially functional due to aging atomic clocks.
• The newer-generation satellites (NVS-01, NVS-02) were designed with improved indigenous and foreign atomic clocks to avoid past failures.

Strategic Importance of NavIC

• NavIC provides two types of services: Standard Positioning Service (for general use) and Restricted Service (for defense applications).
• It ensures India’s strategic autonomy in navigation, particularly for military purposes, avoiding reliance on foreign systems like GPS (US), Galileo (EU), or Beidou (China).
• Despite global alternatives, an indigenous system like NavIC is crucial for national security and independent military operations.

Future of NavIC

• ISRO is working to expand NavIC adoption by integrating it into mobile phone chipsets and vehicle navigation systems.
• In December 2023, Qualcomm agreed to incorporate NavIC support in some of its chipsets.
• Despite NVS-02’s partial failure, ISRO plans to launch three more second-generation NavIC satellites—NVS-03, NVS-04, and NVS-05—to enhance system performance and service continuity.

11. Cross-blood transplant performed on a patient with Bombay blood

Context

●        In mid-2024, a 30-year-old man with the extremely rare Bombay blood group underwent a kidney transplant at a hospital in Chennai. ●        This was the first-ever cross-blood transplant performed on a patient with the Bombay blood group.

 

●  The Bombay blood group (HH blood group) was first discovered in Mumbai in 1952.

● Unlike common ABO blood groups, Bombay blood group individuals lack the H antigen, which is required to form A or B antigens.

●  People with this blood type cannot receive blood or organs from any ABO group, including type O.

● This rare blood group is found in one in 4 million people globally, with a higher prevalence in Mumbai (1 in 10,000).

Understanding the Bombay Blood Group

 Challenges in Transplant Procedure for Bombay Blood Group

• Rarity of Donors: Bombay blood group individuals can only receive organs or blood from another person with the same rare blood type.
• High Risk of Rejection: The absence of the H antigen leads to the production of anti-H antibodies, which strongly attack any incompatible donor organ.
• Lack of Precedents: No prior cross-blood transplants had been performed on a Bombay blood group patient, making it difficult to determine a safe antibody level.
• Complex Antibody Removal: Standard plasmapheresis methods used for ABO-incompatible transplants had to be adapted to remove anti-H antibodies
• Emergency Blood Supply Issues: Finding Bombay blood group blood units for transfusion in case of surgical complications is extremely difficult.

12. Euclid Telescope Discovers Rare Einstein Ring

Context

The European Space Agency’s (ESA) Euclid space telescope has captured a rare Einstein ring around the galaxy NGC 6505, located 590 million light-years from Earth.

 

Discovery of the Einstein Ring

• The images, taken in September 2023 and released recently, show a bright central galaxy surrounded by a luminous ring.
• This discovery, made in Euclid’s first dataset, has been described as “extraordinary and thrilling” by astronomers.

What is an Einstein Ring?

• An Einstein ring is a circular pattern of light caused by gravitational lensing, where a massive celestial body bends and magnifies light from a more distant galaxy aligned behind it.
• In this case, NGC 6505 acted as the gravitational lens, distorting the light from a galaxy 4.42 billion light-years away.
• Named after Albert Einstein, who predicted this effect in his general theory of relativity, Einstein rings are extremely rare, with less than 1% of galaxies exhibiting them.

Scientific Significance of Einstein Rings

• Einstein rings provide crucial insights into dark matter, which constitutes 85% of the universe’s matter but remains undetected.
• Since dark matter influences gravity without emitting light, gravitational lensing allows scientists to study its presence indirectly.
• Additionally, these rings help researchers observe distant galaxies and gather data on the universe’s expansion.
• Observations like these are only possible through advanced space telescopes like Euclid.

13. AI can make drug-testing precise

Context

● On January 6, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) proposed draft guidelines on AI use in drug development. ● These guidelines focus on AI’s expanding role in improving safety evaluations, minimizing dependence on animal testing, and increasing efficiency in drug development.

 

Rising Use of AI in Drug Approval

• The U.S. FDA has noted a sharp increase in the use of AI in drug development submissions.
• In 2016 and 2017, there was only one AI-related submission per year, but this tripled in the next two years.
• By 2021, there were 132 AI-related submissions, showing a tenfold increase from the previous year.

Challenges in Conventional Drug Development

• Traditional drug development takes nearly 10 years and costs over a billion dollars.
• The success rate of conventional (animal-based) drug testing is only 14%.
• Animal testing does not always accurately predict human responses due to differences in metabolism and genetic variability.

Role of AI in Drug Development

●  AI is now used across different phases of drug development. ● In the discovery phase, AI helps researchers analyze large databases to select potential drug candidates. ●  AI models predict drug absorption, distribution, and elimination in humans, reducing reliance on animal trials. ● AI tools assess how different human populations (based on age, sex, and medical conditions) might react to a drug. ●  AI can predict unintended side effects of drugs, helping improve safety assessments before human trials.

 

AI in Predicting Drug Safety

• AI-based models can assess a drug’s potential risks before human trials begin.
• AI can predict how a chemical compound might affect different organs, helping reduce unexpected adverse effects.
• A recent research study introduced a “safety toolbox” that integrates multiple data types, such as chemical properties and exposure levels, to predict toxicity risks.

Challenges of Using AI in Drug Testing

• The accuracy of AI models depends on the quality of the data they are trained with.
• If AI is trained on biased or incomplete data, its predictions may not be reliable.
• Transparency is another issue, as many AI models do not disclose their internal workings or training data.

FDA’s Draft Guidelines on AI in Drug Development

• The FDA has proposed a stepwise framework to assess the credibility of AI models.
• It emphasizes:
  • Identifying specific research questions AI will address.
  • Evaluating AI model risks, especially for incorrect predictions with life-threatening consequences.
  • Improving data quality and reducing biases to enhance AI model reliability.
  • Continuous monitoring and maintenance of AI models throughout their lifecycle.
• The guidelines particularly focus on AI’s role in preclinical drug testing to assess safety before human trials.

Global and Indian Efforts in AI Regulation

• Other regulatory bodies have also released AI-related drug development guidelines.
• In 2023, India’s New Drugs and Clinical Trials (Amendment) Rules allowed AI-generated data to assess drug safety, reducing reliance on animal trials.

Impact of AI Guidelines

• The guidelines help align government policies, industry expectations, research strategies, and consumer safety.
• They act as a stable reference point for stakeholders to ensure AI is used effectively in drug development.

PYQ: Introduce the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI). How does AI help clinical diagnosis? Do you perceive any threat to privacy of the individual in the use of Al in healthcare? (150 words/10m) (UPSC CSE (M) GS-3 2023)

14. Aborting moon rocket to test Musk’s power

Context

The U.S. government is considering canceling NASA’s $24 billion SLS moon rocket program, facing political resistance, while SpaceX’s cheaper alternatives gain support.

SLS Moon Rocket Program

• Overview: The Space Launch System (SLS) is NASA’s most powerful rocket, designed for deep space missions, including Artemis missions to the Moon and future Mars explorations.
• Power & Capability: It can produce 8 million pounds of thrust, surpassing the Saturn V rocket.
• Launch Cost: Each launch costs $2 billion to $4 billion, making it significantly more expensive than commercial alternatives.
• The first SLS mission, Artemis I, successfully launched an uncrewed Orion spacecraft around the Moon in November 2022.
• Future Plans: NASA plans to use SLS for sustained lunar exploration and eventual Mars missions under the Artemis program.
• Future Uncertainty: There are discussions about canceling or phasing out SLS due to high costs and delays.
• Alternatives: SpaceX’s Falcon Heavy, a cheaper but less powerful rocket, costs around $250 million per launch.

15. Deep-Sea Detector Captures Most Energetic Neutrino Ever

Context

A neutrino detector submerged in the Mediterranean Sea has detected the most energetic neutrino ever recorded, with energy levels 30 times higher than the previous record-holder.

Neutrinos: The ‘Ghost Particles’

• Neutrinos are near-massless subatomic particles produced by various cosmic events like supernovae, cosmic rays, and radioactive decay.
• They are called ‘ghost particles’ because they rarely interact with matter—trillions pass through the human body every second without any effect.

Challenges in Neutrino Detection

• Due to their elusive nature, neutrinos are extremely difficult to detect. Scientists use underwater, underground, and polar ice detectors to capture the rare instances when neutrinos collide with matter.
• The latest discovery was made by a detector still under construction, highlighting advancements in neutrino research.

Scientific Significance

• Studying neutrinos helps scientists understand the fundamental structure of the universe, including its formation and the highest-energy cosmic processes.
• According to experts, this discovery is crucial for unraveling the most extreme astrophysical events.

 

16. Bangladesh in talks with Musk for rollout of Starlink service

Context

● Bangladesh has requested Elon Musk’s Starlink satellite internet service to improve connectivity. ● This can benefit youth, rural women, and remote communities of Bangladesh.

 

What is Starlink?

• Satellite Internet Service: Starlink is a satellite-based broadband internet service developed by SpaceX, the aerospace company founded by Elon Musk.
• Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites: It uses a constellation of low Earth orbit satellites to provide high-speed internet access globally, especially in remote and underserved areas.
• High-Speed Connectivity: Starlink aims to deliver speeds of up to 250 Mbps, with low latency compared to traditional satellite internet.
• Global Coverage: It is designed to provide internet access in rural and geographically isolated locations where traditional broadband infrastructure is limited or unavailable.
• Growing Network: As of 2025, Starlink has deployed thousands of satellites and continues to expand its coverage worldwide.
• Affordable Access: While initially expensive, SpaceX is working to make Starlink more affordable for widespread adoption.
• Applications: It can support education, emergency response, businesses, and government services in remote regions.

 

17. China’s EAST reactor keeps the fire of magnetic fusion burning

Context

●  Scientists in China reported that the EAST reactor sustained a plasma at 100 million degrees Celsius for 1,066 seconds on January 20, 2025. ● This was a major milestone in the quest for nuclear fusion, surpassing its previous record of 403 seconds in 2023.

 

Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST):

• Location and Operation: EAST is located in Hefei, China, and is operated by the Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
• Purpose: It serves as an experimental nuclear fusion reactor to test and refine technologies for the ITER megaproject.
• Design Features: EAST is the world’s only tokamak reactor with both toroidal and poloidal superconducting magnetic fields, ensuring better plasma confinement.
• Temperature Milestones: On January 20, 2025, it sustained a plasma at 100 million°C for 1,066 seconds, setting a new world record.
• Fusion Process: It uses magnetic confinement to hold deuterium-tritium plasma and facilitate fusion reactions.
• Challenges: EAST has not yet achieved ignition, meaning it does not generate more energy than it consumes.
• Significance: Its advancements contribute to the global effort in achieving commercial nuclear fusion, a potential clean energy source.

Comparison of Nuclear Fission and Fusion

Feature	Nuclear Fission	Nuclear Fusion
Definition	The splitting of a heavy nucleus into smaller nuclei, releasing energy.	The merging of two light atomic nuclei into a heavier nucleus, releasing energy.
Primary Fuel	Uranium-235, Plutonium-239	Hydrogen isotopes (Deuterium & Tritium)
Energy Output	Produces large amounts of energy but less than fusion.	Produces significantly more energy than fission.
Reaction Condition	Can occur at relatively low temperatures (~600-1000°C).	Requires extremely high temperatures (~10-15 million °C) and pressure.
Nuclear Waste	Produces highly radioactive waste with long half-lives.	Produces minimal radioactive waste with shorter half-lives.
Safety Concerns	Risk of meltdown and radioactive contamination (e.g., Chernobyl, Fukushima).	Safer as there is no chain reaction; difficult to sustain reaction uncontrolled.
Byproducts	Produces radioactive isotopes and neutrons.	Produces helium (harmless gas) and some neutrons.
Sustainability	Limited fuel supply; uranium and plutonium are finite.	Abundant fuel supply; hydrogen isotopes can be extracted from water.
Current Usage	Used in nuclear power plants for electricity generation.	Still in experimental stage; research ongoing in projects like ITER.
Weapons Application	Used in atomic bombs (e.g., Hiroshima & Nagasaki).	Used in hydrogen bombs (thermonuclear weapons).

18. HIV Self-Testing Empowers Youth in Mizoram

Context

A recent study by the Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research (ICMR-NITVAR) and Mizoram University has highlighted the success of HIV self-testing among young people in Mizoram, India’s state with the highest HIV prevalence. ● This innovative approach has enabled first-time testers to come forward in a stigma-free, private setting, aiding early detection and treatment.

 

Analysis of the news:

HIV Burden in Mizoram

• Mizoram has the highest HIV prevalence in India, with 2.73% of adults infected — 13 times the national average.
• High-risk groups such as injecting drug users (19.8%) and female sex workers (24.7%) exhibit the highest infection rates.
• The epidemic is primarily driven by drug-related practices and commercial sex work.

Role and Impact of HIV Self-Testing

• HIV Self-Testing (HIVST): Individuals collect and interpret their own test results using blood and saliva samples.
• Globally adopted in 41 countries since WHO’s 2016 guidelines, India has yet to introduce formal regulations.
• The Mizoram study engaged community influencers, religious leaders, and youth associations for effective outreach.

Key Findings of the Study

• Over six months, 2,101 youths in Aizawl took HIV self-tests, with 84% being first-time testers.
• Among those testing positive, 85% underwent confirmatory tests and were linked to antiretroviral therapy (ART).
• The initiative outperformed traditional awareness campaigns by ensuring early detection and treatment.

 

19.Microsoft Unveils Majorana 1 Quantum Chip

Context

● Microsoft has unveiled Majorana 1, a groundbreaking quantum chip designed to produce more reliable and scalable qubits. ● Regarded as a significant leap toward practical quantum computing, Majorana 1 aims for commercial deployment between 2027 and 2029.

 

Analysis of the news:

Majorana Particles

• The core innovation lies in the engineering of Majorana quasiparticles using topological conductors.
• These particles enable qubits in a topological state, distinct from conventional states of matter.
• Topoconductors, made by combining indium arsenide and aluminum, form the basis of these stable qubits, potentially reducing error rates significantly.

Key Features of Majorana 1

• Architecture: An eight-qubit chip based on the Topological Core architecture, scalable to a million qubits.
• Material Composition: Indium arsenide (semiconductor) paired with aluminum (superconductor).
• Potential Impact: Capable of addressing complex challenges like breaking down microplastics and developing self-healing materials.

Comparisons with Rivals

• Despite Majorana 1 having only eight qubits, its scalable architecture contrasts with Google’s Willow (106 qubits) and IBM’s R2 Heron (156 qubits).
• Microsoft emphasizes quality and scalability over raw qubit count, claiming long-term advantages in error correction and system stability.

Quantum vs. Classical vs. Supercomputers

• Classical Computers: Use binary bits (0 or 1).
• Supercomputers: Employ accelerated classical architectures but remain bound by classical computing principles.
• Quantum Computers: Utilize qubits capable of existing in multiple states simultaneously, enabling faster and more complex computations. Quantum gates, unlike classical logic gates, process qubits in reversible operations.

Applications of Quantum Computing

Quantum systems could revolutionize industries by:

• Mapping molecular behavior for self-healing materials.
• Solving advanced chemistry problems related to corrosion and material strength.
• Accelerating AI development through quantum-generated synthetic data.

20. Scientists propose tabletop test to check quantumness of gravity

Context

● Scientists are exploring whether gravity follows quantum mechanics by designing experiments to test its superposition and entanglement. ● If proven, this could help unify gravity with other fundamental forces.

 

Conflict Between General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics

• General relativity explains gravity, while quantum mechanics explains the other three fundamental forces.
• Scientists do not yet know how gravity fits into quantum mechanics.
• There is a need for experiments to test whether gravity behaves according to quantum rules.

Concepts of Quantum Mechanics

• Quantum mechanics includes principles like superposition and entanglement, which defy classical physics.
• A quantum system collapses into a definite state when measured, unlike classical systems.
• If gravity follows quantum rules, measuring it should collapse its state.

Quantum Nature of Gravity

● Gravity may follow the rules of quantum mechanics. This means it could act like tiny particles instead of a smooth force. ● In quantum mechanics, particles can exist in two states at once. This is called superposition. ● If gravity is quantum, it should also show superposition and entanglement. This means two objects could be linked, no matter how far apart they are. ● Scientists want to test if gravity behaves like this. ● If true, it could help unify physics. It would connect gravity with other forces in nature.

 

Proposed Experiment to Test Quantum Gravity

• Scientists suggest an experiment using a test mass in superposition of two paths.
• A probe mass will interact with it gravitationally, forcing it into one path.
• If gravity causes this collapse, it may indicate that gravity is quantum in nature.

Testing Weak Gravity

• Previous studies focused on strong gravity near black holes.
• This experiment aims to test weak gravity effects, making it more feasible.
• If successful, quantum gravity effects could be observed in tabletop experiments.

Challenges and Future Prospects

• The experiment requires placing a nanocrystal, one-trillionth of a gram, in superposition.
• The set-up must be in a near-perfect vacuum to prevent interference.
• Despite challenges, scientists believe testing quantum gravity is now possible within a decade.

21. How does space travel affect the health of an astronaut?

Context

Space travel affects astronauts’ health due to microgravity, radiation exposure, and psychological challenges.

 

 Challenges of Space Travel

• The human body is not designed for space travel, where microgravity and radiation exposure cause various health issues.
• Astronauts face physical and psychological challenges, especially on long-duration missions.
• More research is needed to develop protective measures and personalized health strategies.

Radiation Exposure Risks

• Earth’s atmosphere and magnetic field shield humans from space radiation, but astronauts lack this protection in space.
• High-energy radiation exposure can damage DNA, increase cancer risk, and affect the immune system.
• Neurodegenerative effects may occur due to prolonged exposure.
• Low-Earth orbit missions provide some protection, but deep-space missions, like those to the moon, involve higher radiation doses.

Effects of Microgravity

• Gravity regulates many body functions, and its absence causes fluid shifts, leading to increased intracranial pressure and vision problems.
• Muscles weaken, bones lose density, and the cardiovascular system struggles to regulate blood pressure.
• The inner ear loses its ability to sense movement, causing balance and coordination issues.

Psychological Effects

• Living in confined spaces with limited social interaction can lead to stress, sleep problems, and mood disorders.

Post-Spaceflight Recovery

• Short missions see 95% biological recovery, but longer missions require extended rehabilitation.
• Some health issues, such as vision impairment, may persist after returning to Earth.

22. NASA’s SPHEREx Telescope

Context

NASA is set to launch the SPHEREx telescope on February 28 to map the universe in infrared light and study cosmic inflation, galaxy formation, and life-forming molecules.

 

Analysis of the news:                                    

Mapping the Universe in Unprecedented Detail

• The Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization and Ices Explorer (SPHEREx) is set to revolutionize cosmic mapping.
• Unlike previous telescopes that focused on specific regions, SPHEREx will create the most detailed and colorful sky map using 102 infrared colors.
• This data will help scientists uncover hidden structures of galaxies and distant celestial objects, offering a more comprehensive view of the universe’s evolution.

Probing Cosmic Inflation and the Universe’s Early Expansion

• One of the key objectives of SPHEREx is to investigate cosmic inflation—a rapid expansion of the universe that occurred around 14 billion years ago.
• By analyzing the 3D distribution of 450 million galaxies across time, SPHEREx will test theories about how the universe expanded at speeds faster than light for a fraction of a second.
• Understanding inflation could resolve mysteries about the large-scale structure and uniformity of the cosmos.

Unraveling the Origins of Life in the Milky Way

• SPHEREx will play a crucial role in identifying biogenic molecules—such as water, carbon, and oxygen—frozen in the icy particles of the Milky Way.
• These molecules are essential for life and exist in some of the coldest regions of space.
• By mapping their locations, the telescope will help scientists understand how these life-forming elements traveled to Earth and other planetary systems, shedding light on the origins of life.
• SPHEREx’s groundbreaking mission, with its two-year timeline, promises to deepen our understanding of the universe’s formation, the evolution of galaxies, and the potential for life beyond Earth.

Agriculture

1. India’s ‘Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses’

Context

The government has launched a six-year ‘Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses’ with a focus on tur/arhar (pigeonpea), urad (black gram), and masoor (red lentil).

 Analysis of the news:

Budget Allocation

• The 2025-26 Union Budget has allocated ₹1,000 crore to provide MSP-based procurement and post-harvest warehousing solutions, with NAFED and NCCF handling procurement from registered farmers.

Rising Dependence on Imports

• Despite past efforts toward self-sufficiency, pulses imports have surged, reaching $3.28 billion during April-November 2024, a 6% increase from 2023.
• If this trend continues, imports may exceed $5.9 billion in 2024-25, surpassing the 2016-17 record of $4.24 billion.
• This marks a reversal of India’s earlier self-reliance, achieved between 2018-2023 when imports had significantly dropped.

Successes in Chana and Moong Production

Between 2013-14 and 2021-22, pulses production increased from 192.55 lakh tonnes (lt) to 273.02 lt, mainly due to higher yields of chana (gram) and moong (green gram).

• Chana production grew from 26 lt to 135.44 lt due to short-duration, low-irrigation varieties.
• Moong production rose from 56 lt to 36.76 lt, aided by photo-thermo insensitive varieties, allowing farmers to grow up to four crops annually.
• Government-backed MSP procurement further boosted production.

Challenges in Expanding Self-Reliance to Other Pulses

1. Productivity and Cropping Constraints

• Tur/arhar remains a long-duration (150-180 days), low-yield crop (15-16 quintals/hectare), mostly grown in rainfed regions of Maharashtra and Karnataka.
• Yield improvements and hybrid development are essential to make cultivation competitive.

1. Policy Ambiguity and Import Reliance

• While the government promotes pulses cultivation, tur/arhar prices (₹7,300-7,400 per quintal) remain below MSP (₹7,550), discouraging farmers.
• Import duty exemptions on most pulses (tur, matar, masoor, urad, desi chana) continue, impacting domestic production incentives.
• Imports mainly come from Mozambique, Tanzania, Myanmar, Sudan, Canada, and Australia.

Way Forward

• Develop short-duration, high-yield hybrid varieties, especially for tur/arhar, to increase productivity.
• Reinstate import duties to ensure price support for domestic farmers.
• Encourage private sector participation in research and supply chains.
• Improve post-harvest storage and procurement mechanisms to stabilize farmer incomes.

The success of this mission will depend on balancing farmer incentives, trade policies, and research advancements to achieve sustained Aatmanirbharta in pulses.

2. Reducing Fertiliser Dependence

Context

India is strategically shifting towards reducing the consumption of high-analysis imported fertilisers like urea, DAP, and MOP by promoting balanced alternatives such as ammonium phosphate sulphate (APS) to ensure nutrient efficiency and reduce import dependence.

 

Analysis of the news:

Strategic Need for Reducing Fertiliser Consumption

• India’s reliance on imported fertilisers like urea, di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), and muriate of potash (MOP) has made capping their usage a strategic priority.
• MOP is entirely imported due to the absence of domestic potash reserves.
• Although 85% of urea demand is met domestically, it depends heavily on imported liquefied natural gas.
• DAP’s complex import requirements further increase India’s vulnerability to global market fluctuations and foreign exchange pressures.

Challenges of High-Analysis Fertilisers

• Urea, DAP, and MOP are high-analysis fertilisers with concentrated nutrient content.
• However, most crops do not require such high levels of individual nutrients.
• Excessive use leads to nutrient imbalance in soils, affecting crop yields. Additionally, overdependence on imported fertilisers escalates costs, especially with rupee depreciation.
• Balanced fertilisation, involving secondary and micronutrients, is essential for sustainable agriculture and efficient use of foreign exchange.

Ammonium Phosphate Sulphate (APS): An Effective DAP Alternative

• APS has emerged as a viable substitute for DAP.
• It offers balanced nutrients, including sulphur, crucial for crops like oilseeds, pulses, and maize.
• Unlike DAP, APS requires significantly less expensive phosphoric acid, making it a cost-effective solution.
• Its rising consumption, surpassing single super phosphate (SSP), highlights its growing acceptance across India due to its water-soluble phosphorus and balanced nutrient composition.

Economic and Market Dynamics Driving APS Adoption

• Government policies and market economics are pivotal in promoting APS.
• The rising cost of DAP imports, coupled with limited subsidies, has made DAP less viable. In contrast, APS offers profitability to manufacturers while being marginally cheaper for farmers.
• The increasing adoption of APS is reflected in its sales surge, positioning it as India’s third-largest consumed fertiliser after urea and DAP.

Way Forward: Diversification and Efficiency in Fertiliser Use

• India must further diversify fertiliser use by promoting other balanced complexes .
• The goal should be reducing high-analysis fertiliser consumption, encouraging nutrient-efficient practices, and optimising foreign exchange use.
• A robust marketing push, supported by government incentives, can facilitate this transition, ensuring sustainable agricultural growth and reduced import dependency.

PYQ: With reference to chemical fertilizers in India, consider the following statements: (2020) 1.  At present, the retail price of chemical fertilizers is market-driven and not administered by the Government. 2. Ammonia, which is an input of urea, is produced from natural gas. 3. Sulphur, which is a raw material for phosphoric acid fertilizer, is a by-product of oil refineries. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Ans: (b)

 

3. Coal-fired power plants in India cut rice, wheat yield by up to 10%

Context

Researchers from Stanford University, found that coal-fired power plants in India are reducing rice and wheat yields by up to 10% in several states.

 

How NO2 Affects Crops

• The study focuses on nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a pollutant from coal plants that harms plant health and lowers crop productivity.
• NO2 is phytotoxic, meaning it stresses plants and disrupts essential enzymatic activities.
• It contributes to ozone formation, which further damages crops and reduces available sunlight for photosynthesis.
• The study establishes a direct link between coal power emissions and crop damage, which had not been done at the power-plant level in India before.

Tracking Pollution and Crop Health

• Due to a lack of ground monitoring stations in agricultural areas, the researchers used satellite images to analyze NO2 concentration.
• They used near-infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIRv) as an indicator of plant health, which is closely related to chlorophyll levels in crops.

State-Wise Pollution Trends

• Chhattisgarh had the highest share of NO2 pollution from coal plants, with 19% in monsoon and 5% in winter.
• Uttar Pradesh had high NO2 levels overall, but a small portion came from coal power.
• Tamil Nadu had low NO2 pollution, but most of it was from coal-fired power plants.

Monetary Loss and Agricultural Impact

●  Coal-related wheat and rice losses were valued at ₹15 lakh ($17,370)/GWh and ₹11.7 lakh ($13,420)/GWh, respectively. ● A small number of highly polluting power stations contributed to 50% of rice and wheat losses, indicating targeted pollution control could bring significant benefits. ● In West Bengal, 5.7% of cropland near coal-fired plants could see a 5-10% yield increase if pollution is controlled. ● In Madhya Pradesh, 5.9% of cropland could gain 5-10%, while 11.9% could gain over 10%. Potential Gains for India’s Agriculture ● India could gain ₹7,000 crore annually, with ₹420 million from rice and ₹400 million from wheat if pollution from coal power plants is reduced. ● Between 2011 and 2020, rice and wheat yields grew at just 1.7% and 1.5% annually, making these potential gains significant.

 

Coal Power’s Role and Policy Suggestions

• The 2025-2026 Union Budget increased coal sector funding by 255%, highlighting India’s reliance on coal for economic growth.
• Meanwhile, India ranked 105th out of 127 countries in the Global Hunger Index 2024, underlining the need to boost food production.
• Experts suggest prioritizing pollution-control measures at power plants near agricultural areas to maximize benefits for both health and food security.

Disaster and disaster Management

1. Twin Tunnel Tragedies

Context

Two tunnel collapses occurred in India—one in Uttarakhand’s Silkyara tunnel trapping 41 workers (later rescued) and another in Telangana’s SLBC tunnel trapping eight workers, with rescue operations underway amid greater challenges.

Background

• Two major tunnel collapses have occurred in India within a short span: the Silkyara tunnel collapse in Uttarakhand’s Uttarkashi district (November 2023), where 41 workers were trapped for over 400 hours, and the Srisailam Left Bank Canal (SLBC) tunnel collapse in Telangana, trapping eight workers.
• Although rescue operations are underway in Telangana, experts indicate it presents greater challenges compared to the Uttarakhand incident.

Key Differences in Rescue Operations

1. Water and Mud Seepage:

• Uttarakhand (Silkyara): No water or mud seepage, allowing longer survival chances and easier drilling operations.
• Telangana (SLBC): Presence of a thick mud-water mix poses a major hazard. Survival chances reduce significantly as water can be fatal within 20 minutes.

2. Space Availability:

• Silkyara Tunnel: Trapped workers had two kilometers of movement space, which improved survival conditions.
• SLBC Tunnel: Workers are trapped at the dead end, reducing oxygen availability and complicating rescue approaches.

Differences in Rescue Techniques

1. Use of Rat Hole Miners:

• Uttarakhand: Rat hole miners played a crucial role by manually digging through the remaining debris after drilling machines failed.
• Telangana: Rat hole miners are not feasible due to the water-logged environment, and there’s a lack of technology suitable for drilling through the thick slush.

2. Machinery and Drilling Approaches:

• Silkyara Rescue: Auger machines and vertical drilling were used, despite repeated breakdowns. Manual digging by miners eventually succeeded.
• SLBC Rescue: Vertical drilling is challenging due to a 400-meter-high top surface, and drilling could damage aquifers, increasing the risk of water inflow and endangering lives.

Geological and Terrain Challenges

1. Geological Composition:

• Silkyara Tunnel: Located in the Shivalik ranges with fragile geology but relatively accessible at 200 meters from the portal.
• SLBC Tunnel: Terrain complexity increases due to higher top surface depth (400 meters), making vertical drilling risky.

2. Debris Characteristics:

• Silkyara: Debris included steel, rocks, and boulders, requiring gas torches and manual digging.
• SLBC: Thick slush mixed with mud and water makes conventional excavation techniques ineffective.

Conclusion

• The Telangana SLBC tunnel rescue is inherently more complex than the Silkyara operation due to water ingress, limited movement space, and challenging geological conditions.
• Innovative technology and coordinated efforts are essential to overcome these difficulties.
• The incidents also underline the need for stricter safety protocols and advanced preparedness for tunnel construction projects across diverse terrains in India.

Internal Security

1. 9 submarines, 65 ships taking part in TROPEX exercise

Context

TROPEX-25 Exercise involves 65 ships, 9 submarines, and 80 aircraft, along with joint participation from the Army, Air Force, and Coast Guard.

 

Theatre Level Operational Readiness Exercise (TROPEX)

• Biennial Naval Exercise: TROPEX is the Indian Navy’s largest biennial operational exercise, conducted every two years in the Indian Ocean Region.
• Duration: The 2025 edition (TROPEX-25) is being held from January to March.
• Objectives: It aims to validate and refine the Indian Navy’s Concept of Operations, testing its ability to respond to conventional, asymmetric, and hybrid threats in a contested maritime environment.
• Participants: The exercise involves approximately 65 Indian Navy ships, 9 submarines, and over 80 aircraft, along with substantial participation from the Indian Army, Air Force, and Coast Guard.
• Exercise Phases: It includes harbour and sea phases, covering combat operations, cyber and electronic warfare, live weapon firings, and amphibious operations.
• Strategic Importance: The exercise enhances joint operational readiness, ensuring a synchronized, integrated response to safeguard India’s maritime security interests.

2. Russia offers to partner with India for joint production of Su-57 fighter

Context

Russia has offered India joint production and technology transfer for the Su-57 fighter jet, aiming to strengthen defense cooperation.

 

About Su-57 Fighter Jet:

• The Su-57 is Russia’s fifth-generation multirole stealth fighter aircraft, developed by the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) and Sukhoi.
• It features stealth technology, reducing radar visibility and enhancing survivability in combat.
• The aircraft is equipped with an Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar, providing superior target detection and tracking.
• It has supercruise capability, allowing sustained supersonic speeds without afterburners.
• The Su-57 is powered by advanced engines that enable high maneuverability and agility in air combat.
• It integrates artificial intelligence (AI) elements for enhanced situational awareness and decision-making.
• The aircraft can carry a variety of advanced air-to-air and air-to-ground weapons, including hypersonic missiles.
• Russia is offering technology transfer and local production of the Su-57 in India through a proposed partnership with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).

3. Will U.S.’s F-35 stealth fighter jets fit into IAF’s future plans?

Context

● The Su-57 (Russia) and F-35 (U.S.) were showcased at the Aero India airshow in Bengaluru. ● Later, U.S. President announced that the U.S. would increase military sales to India, including the F-35 stealth fighters.

 

Impact on India’s Fighter Programmes

• This announcement has raised questions about the possible procurement of the F-35 for the Indian Air Force (IAF).
• While there is a gap in fighter induction and modernization, the formal process for procurement has not started yet.
• The decision may impact India’s own fighter development programmes, which are essential for achieving self-reliance.

Challenges with F-35

• The F-35 is a multi-role, single-seat aircraft, but the IAF prefers twin-seater jets.
• The F-35 programme has been delayed by over a decade and is $209 billion over budget.
• The aircraft might face integration challenges in India’s military, which uses a variety of systems from different countries.

India’s Indigenous Fighter Projects

• India is working on the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)-Mk1A, which has been delayed due to engine issues.
• The LCA-Mk2, a larger version, will roll out by the end of 2025.
• India is also developing its own Fifth-Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA), expected by 2034-35.
• A Multi-Role Fighter Aircraft (MRFA) tender for acquiring 114 foreign jets is also in progress.
• The F-35’s integration into IAF plans remains uncertain due to these ongoing projects.

Conclusion

• Overall, the F-35 offer from the U.S. raises questions about its integration into India’s fighter fleet, potentially affecting indigenous programmes while balancing modernization and self-reliance goals.

F-35 stealth fighter jets:

● The F-35 is a fifth-generation, single-engine, multi-role stealth fighter jet developed by the U.S. ● It comes in three variants: F-35A (conventional takeoff and landing for the Air Force), F-35B (short takeoff/vertical landing for the Marine Corps), and F-35C (carrier-based for Navy and Marine Corps). ● The jet is designed for a variety of missions, including air superiority, strike, reconnaissance, and close-air support. ● F-35 features advanced stealth technology, making it difficult to detect by radar. ● It is equipped with integrated avionics, sensors, and weapons systems for superior combat performance. ● Over 990 aircraft have been delivered globally, with the U.S. and international partners as primary users.

 

4. Our aim is to reach defence exports worth ₹50,000 crore by 2029, says Rajnath Singh

Context

●  Defence Minister Rajnath Singh stated that India has achieved 88% self-sufficiency in defence production and ₹23,000 crore in exports, with a target of ₹50,000 crore by 2029. ● He highlighted various aspects that the government is working on.

Achievement in Defence Production and Exports

• India has achieved 88% self-sufficiency in ammunition production.
• Defence exports have reached ₹23,000 crore in 2023-24.
• The government aims to increase defence exports to ₹50,000 crore by 2029.

Strengthening the Defence Industry

• The government is focused on building a strong defence industry to ensure national security and economic growth.
• Students, especially from technical institutions, are encouraged to contribute to defence innovation and self-reliance.

Importance of Innovation and Entrepreneurship

• Innovation and knowledge creation are key to India’s technological leadership.
• The government promotes advancements in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and digital technologies.
• Students should adopt the principles of “initiate, improve, and transform (IIT)” to drive change and progress.

India’s Growing Startup Ecosystem

• India has a thriving startup ecosystem, with more than 1.25 lakh startups and 110 unicorns.
• The country is emerging as the third-largest startup hub globally.
• The technological sector in India is expected to grow to $300-350 billion in the next five years.

Growth of India’s Digital Economy

• India has the second-largest telecom sector in the world.
• The success of UPI (Unified Payments Interface) has made India a global leader in digital transactions.
• A digital revolution is underway, and students are encouraged to contribute to India’s digital ecosystem for long-term growth.

5. Tamal, India’s last imported warship

Context

● India’s last imported warship, Tamal, nears commissioning in Russia, marking progress in naval self-reliance.

 About Tamal:

• Tamal is a stealth frigate being constructed in Russia for the Indian Navy.
• It is part of a deal signed in October 2016 under an Inter-Governmental Agreement between India and Russia.
• The deal includes four follow-on stealth frigates, with two being built in Russia and two in India by Goa Shipyard Ltd. under technology transfer.
• A $1-billion contract was signed for the two frigates being imported from Russia.
• Tamal has completed manufacturer trials and is undergoing State Committee Trials.
• The commissioning is expected in early June 2025 in Russia.
• Tamal will be the last warship to be commissioned outside India as the country now constructs its own warships.
• The Indian Navy has over 60 warships under construction at Indian shipyards.

Miscellaneous Schemes

1. Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana

Context

The government announced the launch of the Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDKY) in 100 selected districts.

Inspired by the Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP)

• PMDKY follows the model of the Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP), which was launched in 2018 to improve 112 underdeveloped districts through convergence of schemes, collaboration between different levels of government, and competition based on performance rankings.
• The new scheme will be implemented in partnership with states to enhance agricultural growth in identified districts.

District Selection Criteria

• PMDKY will focus on 100 districts identified based on three key parameters: low agricultural productivity, moderate cropping intensity, and below-average farm credit availability.
• The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare is collecting data on these indicators, with input from the Department of Financial Services and NABARD.
• Cropping intensity, a measure of land-use efficiency, has improved from 111% in 1950-51 to 155% in 2021-22, but varies significantly across states.

Objectives and Implementation

The scheme aims to:

• Increase agricultural productivity
• Promote crop diversification and sustainable farming
• Strengthen post-harvest storage at panchayat and block levels
• Improve irrigation facilities
• Enhance access to farm credit

PMDKY is expected to benefit 1.7 crore farmers. While the Budget does not specify a separate allocation, funds will be sourced from existing agricultural and allied schemes. A formal allocation may be made after Union Cabinet approval.

2. NAKSHA Initiative

Context

The Union Rural Development Minister launched the NAKSHA initiative to create geospatial land records for urban areas through advanced GIS technology and drone surveys.

 

 About NAKSHA

• The National Geospatial Knowledge-based Land Survey of Urban Habitations (NAKSHA) is a Central government initiative launched on February 18, 2025, by Union Rural Development Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan.
• It is a city survey program under the Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP), aiming to create accurate geospatial databases for urban land records using GIS technology and aerial surveys.

Need for NAKSHA

While rural land records have seen improvements, urban land records remain outdated or unstructured, causing inefficiencies in governance, taxation, and urban planning. The program was proposed to address:

• Lack of updated maps in many cities.
• Streamlining property ownership records and property tax collection.
• Enhancing the financial position of urban local bodies by establishing an IT-based system for property record administration.

Key Features of NAKSHA

• Pilot Launch: Across 152 urban local bodies in 26 states.
• Eligibility: Cities with less than 35 sq km area and population under 2 lakhs.
• Coverage: Will map 4,142.63 sq km of urban areas (from a total 1.02 lakh sq km).
• Funding: 100% centrally funded, costing Rs 194 crore for the pilot.
• Cost Variation:
  • Simple camera surveys: Rs 25,000–30,000/sq km.
  • 3D camera surveys: Rs 60,000/sq km.

Survey and Mapping Process

The survey will use drones with high-resolution cameras (5 cm resolution) and LiDAR sensors in three stages:

1. Aerial Survey: Drone flights capture images; data is extracted.
2. Field Verification: On-ground surveys to link property tax, ownership, and registration deeds with each land parcel, followed by the creation of 2D/3D models.
3. Grievance Redressal: Claims and objections are processed before final map publication.

Expected Benefits

• Accurate urban land records and reduced land disputes.
• Improved urban planning and property tax collection.
• Simplified property transactions and better access to credit.
• Potential scaling to 4,912 urban local bodies after pilot success.

3. “Gold Card” Visa Program

Context

● U.S. President Donald Trump has announced a new visa initiative called the “Gold Card” program, which offers permanent residency and a pathway to citizenship for foreign investors willing to pay $5 million. ● This program is set to replace the EB-5 immigrant investor visa scheme.

 

Analysis of the news:                           

Comparison: EB-5 vs. Gold Card

• EB-5 Program: Introduced in 1990, the EB-5 visa grants Green Cards to foreign investors who invest at least $1.05 million ($800,000 in specific areas) in U.S. businesses and create at least 10 jobs.
• Gold Card Program: Unlike EB-5, the Gold Card does not require investment in businesses or job creation. Instead, it offers a straightforward purchase of a Green Card for $5 million.

Potential Benefits for the U.S.

• The program could attract high-net-worth individuals, boosting real estate, luxury markets, and economic investment.
• A simpler, high-cost model could reduce fraud, which has plagued the EB-5 program.

Concerns and Criticism

• Ethical and Political Issues: The scheme essentially puts U.S. residency and citizenship up for sale, favoring the wealthy over skilled professionals.
• Economic Contribution: Without job creation requirements, it may not contribute significantly to the U.S. economy.
• Security Risks: Possible concerns over money laundering and foreign influence, particularly from Russian oligarchs and other controversial figures.
• Policy Debate: Raises questions about whether U.S. immigration should prioritize investment or skills and diversity.

Challenges Ahead

• Congressional Approval: Immigration reforms need congressional backing. While Republicans have a majority, bipartisan resistance is likely.
• Legal Challenges: Lawsuits may arise regarding the administration and execution of the program.

Impact on Indian Investors

• In 2023, only 631 Indians obtained EB-5 visas, despite the lower investment threshold.
• Given the steep price of $5 million (~₹43 crore), the Gold Card may not attract many Indian applicants.

Reports/indexes

1. Global Corruption Index 2024

Context

The 2024 Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) by Transparency International reveals that corruption levels worldwide remain alarmingly high, with anti-corruption efforts weakening.

 

Analysis of the news:

Global Corruption Levels Remain High

• Of the 180 countries surveyed, 47 recorded their lowest scores since the current ranking methodology began in 2012.
• The global average remained stagnant at 43, with over two-thirds of countries scoring below 50.

Top and Bottom Performers

• Denmark retained its top position with 90 points, followed by Finland (88) and Singapore (84). New Zealand dropped to fourth place with 83 points.
• At the bottom, South Sudan (8) replaced Somalia as the lowest-ranked country, followed by Venezuela (10) and Syria (12).

Decline Among Major Nations

Several Western nations saw declines:

• United States fell from 69 to 65 points, dropping from 24th to 28th place.
• France dropped four points to 67, slipping to 25th place.
• Germany lost three points to 75, falling six places to 15th, tying with Canada.

India’s Position in the Index

• India ranked 96th out of 180 with a score of 38, a decline of one point from the previous year.
• This drop highlights ongoing corruption challenges and the need for stronger governance and transparency measures.

Transparency International

● It is an international non -governmental organisation founded in 1993 based in Berlin, Germany ● Its non-profit purpose is to take action to combat global Corruption with civil societal anti-corruption measures and to prevent criminal activities arising from corruption. ● Its most notable publications include the Global Corruption Barometer and the Corruption Perception Index.

 

3. Internet shutdowns highest in 2024 globally

Context

A report by Access Now highlighted that in 2024, 296 internet shutdowns occurred worldwide, the highest number recorded in any year. ● The report is titled “Emboldened Offenders, Endangered Communities: Internet Shutdowns in 2024.”

 

 India-Specific Shutdowns

• India imposed 84 internet shutdowns, accounting for 28% of global cases.
• Myanmar experienced the most shutdowns (85), with some imposed by external countries and armed groups.

Shutdowns in Indian States

• Internet shutdowns affected 16 states and union territories in India.
• The highest number of shutdowns occurred in Manipur (21), Haryana (12), and Jammu & Kashmir (12).
• Out of 84 shutdowns, 41 were linked to protests, and 23 to communal violence.

Places In news

1. ‘Simandou mine can end or start Australia’s golden iron ore age’

Context

Simandou mine’s high-grade iron ore supply may reshape global markets, impacting Australia and China’s dominance.

 

Places In News: Simandou Mine

• The Simandou mine in Guinea, West Africa, is one of the largest untapped iron ore deposits.
• It is set to impact the global iron ore market, with its first shipments expected by the end of the year.
• The mine has a full production capacity of 120 million metric tonnes per year.
• Simandou includes a 620 km rail line, a new port, and offshore trans-shipment vessels.
• China, the largest importer of iron ore, will receive about 10% of its annual imports from Simandou.
• Chinese companies control 75% of the project, with Rio Tinto holding 25%.
• The mine produces high-grade 65.3% iron ore, suitable for electric arc furnaces (EAFs).
• Increased supply may pressure Australian and Brazilian miners as demand from China remains stagnant.
• Australia may shift focus to producing green steel using renewable energy and hydrogen.