When debris from space crashes to the earth, who is responsible?

(Source – The Hindu, International Edition – Page No. – 7)

Topic: GS3 – Science and Technology

Context

On December 30, 2024, a 500 kg metal object fell in Kenya, identified as a part of a space-bound rocket. Similar incidents in the U.S. and Australia highlight the growing problem of space debris.

Space Debris and Legal Issues

• There is no universally accepted legal definition of space debris in international treaties.

• The UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space defines space debris as non-functional man-made objects in orbit or re-entering the atmosphere.
• Legal disputes focus on whether debris qualifies as a “space object” under the 1972 Liability Convention.
• The 1967 Outer Space Treaty holds states responsible for all national space activities, including private entities.
• The 1972 Liability Convention imposes absolute liability on states for damage caused by space objects on Earth.

Challenges in Legal Enforcement

• Despite legal provisions, enforcement is difficult due to diplomatic negotiations and prolonged settlements.
• A past case of a Soviet satellite crash in Canada in 1978 resulted in years of negotiations, securing only half of the cleanup cost.
• Identifying the origin of debris adds complexity, making liability enforcement challenging.

Growing Risks of Uncontrolled Reentries

• Recent incidents include a rocket fragment falling in Poland and a massive rocket stage plunging into the Pacific Ocean.
• Many older rockets lack controlled reentry mechanisms, increasing the risk of debris falling unpredictably.
• The rapid expansion of satellite constellations, with over 100,000 satellites expected by 2030, will worsen the issue.

Need for Stronger Regulations

• Current space regulations lack mandatory oversight for reentries unless damage occurs.
• Global agreements must enforce controlled reentries and impose penalties on non-compliant actors.
• National governments should require companies to adopt debris mitigation strategies.
• Improved tracking systems can enhance monitoring and predict reentries.
• Sustainable space practices, such as reusable rockets and debris-neutral technologies, should be incentivized.
• The 1972 Liability Convention should be updated to include an independent international tribunal with enforcement powers.

Conclusion

• Space debris poses a serious risk, and voluntary guidelines are insufficient.
• Strong global cooperation, enforceable laws, and accountability mechanisms are needed to prevent future incidents.

Space Debris Mitigation Initiatives by Space Agencies

NASA (USA) Orbital Debris Program Office – Monitors and studies space debris. RemoveDEBRIS – Aims to test debris removal technologies like nets and harpoons. ISRO (India) Project NETRA – Early warning system for tracking space debris. Cartosat Satellites – Help monitor debris in orbit. ESA (Europe) ClearSpace-1 – First active debris removal mission, planned for 2026. e.Deorbit – Aims to remove defunct satellites. CNSA (China) Space Debris Action Plan – Develops mitigation measures. Active Debris Removal (ADR) Studies – Research on debris-cleaning methods. JAXA (Japan) Kounotori Experiment – Uses electrodynamic tethers to deorbit debris.

Practice Question:  Discuss the challenges posed by space debris and evaluate the effectiveness of international legal frameworks in addressing liability and mitigation. Suggest measures for enhancing global cooperation in space debris management.  (150 Words /10 marks)

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