The withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM) and the imprisonment of Gandhi in March 1922 weakened the national movement, and it entered a passive phase. As a result, the nationalist ranks became disorganized, disintegrated, and demoralized. Gaya Annual Session of the Congress (1922) Two currents of thought emerged within the Congress after the NCM regarding…
In July 1946, the Muslim League withdrew from accepting the Cabinet mission plan in response to Nehru’s statement and called for “direct action” on 16 August to achieve its goals for Pakistan. In this chapter, we will discuss the emergence of communalism and its culmination with the partition of India and the formation of Pakistan….
Land Revenue System in British India Land revenue settlement refers to the system in which land tax revenue is agreed between the owner of the occupied land or any other assigned leader and government. The government collects tax revenue directly from cultivators (Ryotwari) or indirectly through an appointed representative (Permanent settlement). Early revenue settlement under…
India before the British rule in India Political scenario in India The Mughals – After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, the decline of the Mughals started. Rulers of the Mughals were now weak and engrossed in political conflict for inheritance or dominance in the court. The Marathas – The third battle of Panipat in…
Advent of Europeans in India The history of modern India can be traced back to the advent of Europeans in India. The trade routes between India and Europe were long and winding, passing through the Oxus Valley, Syria, and Egypt. We have already seen the advent of Portuguese in the Medieval India. We shall see the advent of…
Mughal Economy The Indian economy was strong till the Mughal times. By 1700, India’s share of world GDP was 24%, the largest in the world, larger than any other region. India, then, was producing about 25% of the world’s industrial output up until the 18th century. Agriculture During the Mughals, large tracts of land were…
Later Mughals & Decline of Mughal Empire The Later Mughals period represents crucial phase in India history, marking the gradual decline of Mughal Empire. Spanning from the late 17th to the mid-19th centuries, this period witnessed internal conflicts, external threats, and political instability, contributing to the Decline of Mughal Empire. From Aurangzeb’s reign to Bahadur…
![Maratha Empire: History, Rulers, War & Administration [Upsc Notes]](https://www.99notes.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/maratha-empire-featured-768x500.webp "Maratha Empire: History, Rulers, War &Amp; Administration [Upsc Notes] | Updated October 11, 2025")
Maratha Empire (1674 – 1818) The Maratha Empire, flourishing from the 17th to the 18th century was a strong and key force in Indian History, known for its strong military, innovative governance, and resilience against foreign invasions. The Maratha’s rise in the Deccan began in the early 17th century under the leadership of Shivaji. He…
Mughal Empire Babur, a Central Asian ruler descendant of the Turco-Mongol conqueror Timor, founded the Mughal Empire. He laid the foundation of the mighty Mughal Empire, which was consolidated by Akbar, and lasted for about two centuries. The Mughal Empire reached its zenith during Aurangzeb’s rule, after which its decline started, catalysed by its conflict with the…
A court poet of the Parmara king Sindhuraja (r. 990s CE). Padmagupta is the author of a Sanskrit epic, “Nava-shahshanka-charita.” The epic depicts the romance between Parmara King Sindhuraja and the Naga princess Shahshiprabha. Due to this work, Padmagupta is known as ‘Parimala Kalidasa’. It is written in Vaidharbhi style, generally using short and light…
