The concept of dual nature suggests that radiation (light) and matter (such as electrons) exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties. This is a cornerstone of quantum mechanics, challenging classical physics and leading to the understanding that particles like electrons exhibit wave-like behaviour and light behaves like particles (photons) under certain conditions. Electron Emission Electron emission…
The fact that amber rubbed with wool or silk cloth attracts light objects has been known since ancient times throughout the world. We have seen lightning strikes, but both of them are connected was never known until modern times. In this chapter, we will establish the basics of the Electricity. Electric charges Very simple experiments…
Fluids are substances that can flow and do not have a fixed shape. They include liquids and gases. Here, we might ask what it means for a substance to flow? The property of flow refers to the characteristics of an object to show no resistance to the shear stress. Shear stress can change the shape…
Thermodynamics is the study of energy, work, and heat and the relationship between them. It deals with the macroscopic behaviour of matter and energy, explaining phenomena such as heat engines (Such as refrigerators, and air-conditioners) and the behaviour of gases. In this chapter, we will cover the thermal properties of matter, Heat flow and energy…
Quantity Name Symbol Definition Length Metre m The metre is the length of the path travelled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second. (1983) Mass Kilogram kg The kilogram is defined by the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant, which is 6.62607015 × 10−34 kg⋅m2⋅s−1. Time Second…
Mechanics in physics is the branch that deals with the motion of objects and the forces acting on them. It includes concepts like displacement, velocity, acceleration, and force. Mechanics is divided into kinematics (study of motion) and dynamics (study of forces), forming the foundation for understanding physical systems. Kinematics Kinematics is the branch of physics…
Liberty Is Not Licence (Source: Editorial Page, The Indian Express) Topic: GS4: Ethics in Public Discourse, Liberty and Responsibility; GS2: Fundamental Rights, Reasonable Restrictions Context In the backdrop of controversies involving the arrest and prolonged detention of Professor Ali Khan Mahmudabad, this editorial addresses the nuanced distinction between freedom of expression and its misuse. It…
(Source: Page 10, The Hindu) Topic: GS Paper 3 (Science and Tech, Economy, International Trade) Context U.S.-China trade tensions and high tariffs on AI-related hardware have begun altering global tech supply chains, with India emerging as a potential alternative. Impact of Tariffs on AI Supply Chains U.S. tariffs as high as 27% on critical AI…
1. India Post Payments Bank Partners with Aditya Birla Capital to Simplify Accessibility to Loan Products Across India (Source – PIB (Press Information Bureau), May 23, 2025) Topic: GS Paper 2 (Governance), GS Paper 3 (Economy) Context India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) and Aditya Birla Capital Limited (ABCL) have partnered to enhance access to loan…
