The Government of India Act 1935 brought local government within the purview of the provincial government and granted them enhanced powers. Since that time, local government evolved a lot. Currently, eight types of urban local bodies are visible in India. We shall cover these bodies in this chapter. Municipal Corporation: Municipalities (Municipal Board/Municipal Council/…
Urban governance and management have predominantly been the constitutional domain of state government. These local institutions of urban government have become weak over the years due to many factors, including encroachment on traditional and legitimate municipal functions by creating parastatals and urban development authorities, a weak executive system, fragile fiscal health, and inadequate staffing and…
Panchayati Raj is an insignificant provision of the Gandhian principle. However, the constitution did not obligate governments to constitute panchayats. Article 40 of the Indian Constitution only provided a Directive Principle of State Policy that said the state should organise village panchayats and give them the necessary powers and authority to function. However, this was not mandatory…
In 1992, one of the biggest changes in the Indian constitutional scheme was introduced. It introduced a third teir of Government in India in the form of Panchayats and Urban Local bodies through 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendment respectively. In this chapter we shall study the local government in Rural areas of India, viz. the…
Introduction: Indian judiciary is an integrated judiciary consisting of the Supreme Court of India at the apex of the entire judicial system below which there are the High Courts in each State or group of States. Below the High Courts lies a hierarchy of Subordinate Courts. Panchayat Courts also function in some States under various…
In the integrated judiciary, the High Court operates below the Supreme Court and above the subordinate Court. High Courts are the highest judicial body at the State level. As per Article 214, there shall be High Courts for every State. There are 25 High Courts in India. Among the Union Territories Delhi, – and Union…
It is the ultimate power of the Judiciary to determine the validity of a law or an order, which may be described as the powers of “judicial review”. It tests the constitutionality of the legislative acts and executive orders. Genesis of the Concept of Judicial Review It was first introduced in the US Supreme Court…
Subordinate Courts consist of district courts and other lower courts. They are called subordinate courts as they are subordinate to the High Courts. Subordinate Judiciary is the backbone of the Judiciary. It is the first judicial institution with which a majority of the citizens interact. It is covered under Part IV of the Indian constitution…
Challenges with the Indian Judiciary: Judiciary is one of the three organs of the government. Indian judiciary is integrated and independent judiciary. Despite the most important part of the Indian polity, it faces some issues as following: Issue in Appointment: Shortage of judges: India has a low judge-to-population ratio. India requires 50 judges per million…
Public interest litigation(PIL) is a case or petition filed before a court to protect, safeguard or enforce public interest. PIL is a judicial innovation for the protection of the disadvantaged section, like the poor, minorities, etc., and their interests. PIL is also known as Social Action litigation, Social action litigation, etc Genesis of the PIL…
