According to the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), money laundering is “the processing of criminal proceeds to disguise their illegal origin in order to legitimize the ill-gotten gains of crime.” In simpler terms, money laundering is the illegal process of concealing the origins of illicitly obtained funds, making them appear legitimate. Criminals carry out a…
Organized crime and terrorism, though driven by different goals, have increasingly formed dangerous alliances. While organized crime seeks profit through illegal trades like drug trafficking and money laundering, terrorism aims to achieve political or ideological objectives through violence and fear. Despite their differences, both use similar methods such as violence, corruption, and secrecy to maintain…
External state and non-state actors significantly influence a nation’s internal security landscape. States may pursue their strategic interests by intervening in other countries through military, economic, or diplomatic means, thereby impacting internal stability. Such interventions can either support governance and peace or destabilize regions by backing insurgent groups or applying coercive measures. Non-state actors like…
Extremism refers to radical ideologies and actions that go against societal norms, often using violence to achieve political or ideological goals. It can emerge from various forms, such as religious, political, or social extremism, and is often driven by grievances like poverty, inequality, and marginalization. The connection between development and extremism is significant. While development…
Security is a critical aspect that ensures the safety and stability of a nation. It goes beyond just protecting the physical borders and extends to various aspects like economic well-being, societal peace, and environmental stability. In the modern context, the complexity of security has increased due to the rise of non-traditional threats, such as cyber-attacks,…
Global efforts for disaster management emerged as the world recognized the need for sustainable development. The 1972 Stockholm Conference was one of the first international discussions on environmental issues, linking development with disaster resilience. The Brundtland Report (1987) emphasized sustainable development, highlighting the need for risk reduction in disasters. However, the first focused effort towards…
It is the sovereign responsibility of the state to protect the citizens from disasters. In the Indian federal system, the responsibility for disaster management is that of the state government. The central government mainly works for the coordination of disaster management efforts. When calamities of a severe nature occur, the centre is responsible for providing…
A Disaster is an undesirable occurrence resulting from forces that are largely outside human control, strike quickly with little or no warning, and cause or threaten serious disruption of life and property including death and injury to a large number of people. It therefore requires the mobilisation of efforts over that which are normally provided…
In this chapter, we aim to study all types of mass movements which are hazardous to human life and livelihood. These include landslides, Avalanches, rockfalls, Mud-flow and earth flows. We have already read these topics in our Geography textbook. Let’s study these from the Disaster point of view. Mass Movements The term Mass Movement refers…
Qualitatively, a heat wave is a condition of air temperature that becomes fatal to the human body when exposed. This generally comes as a heatstroke. What is a heatstroke? When heat overwhelms our body’s ability to manage its temperature it is known as Heatstroke. It is a severe illness that results when the body temperature…