For last 1 billion years, atmosphere and hydrosphere have been composed of same balance of chemical components. The balance of chemical elements is maintained by a cyclic passage through the tissues of plants and animals. Living organisms exist and survive in a diversity of associations – survival involves the presence of systemic flows such as…
Ecology: Greek words ‘oikos’ meaning ‘house’, ‘logy’ meaning the ‘science of’. Literally, ecology is the study of the earth as a ‘household’, of plants, human beings, animals and micro-organisms. They all live together as interdependent components. Types of Ecosystems: An ecosystem is too complex and big; It is divided into two basic categories: Ecotone: Junction…
A biofuel is a fuel that is produced through contemporary processes from biomass, rather than a fuel produced by the very slow geological processes involved in the formation of fossil fuels, such as oil. Contemporary processes mean those processes that do not take much time. Biomass: includes living matter, dead organic matter, agricultural waste, including Municipal solid waste, Urban wood residue,…
Natural resources can be classified as Exhaustible Natural Resources: Coal, Petroleum Inexhaustible Natural Resources: Sunlight, air Similarly, Sources of Energy can be classified as: On the Basis of Renewability: Non-renewable or exhaustible: source of energy which have accumulated in nature over a very, very long time and can’t be quickly replaced when exhausted For example,…
Hazardous Waste: any waste, which by reason of characteristics, such as physical, chemical, or biological is reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive or corrosive, and causes danger to health, or the environment. It comprises the waste generated during the manufacturing processes of commercial products such as industries involved in petroleum refining, production of pharmaceuticals, petroleum, paint, aluminium,…
Plastic is an artificial polymer (repeating molecules). It is so useful for mankind that we use it in everything. We use it as a packaging material, storage material, construction material, garments, sanitary and protection equipment, toys, educational material, as well as in electronic equipment. It is impossible to imagine human life without Plastics: In medicine,…
Solid Waste includes all aggregate material that persists in the environment for a long time without degrading through biological processes, often adversely impacting the natural ecosystems and human life. It is estimated that about 62 million tonnes of waste is generated annually in the country, out of which: 5.6 million in plastic waste, 1.5Mn tonne…
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (rivers, lakes, oceans, and groundwater) due to harmful substances like chemicals, plastics, sewage, and industrial waste, making it unsafe for human use, aquatic life, and the environment. It disrupts ecosystems, reduces water quality, and poses serious health hazards. Types of impurities Generally the types of Impurities which…
A heat wave is a condition of air temperature that becomes fatal to the human body when exposed. It is a Qualitative definition. However, since it is not as visible as other disasters, we need a quantitative definition in order to identify a heat wave when it comes. Quantitatively, it is defined based on the…
On the basis of how air pollution impacts human health, certain standards for Air pollution have been set. Such standards are often set only for the Ambient air, i.e. the air surrounding us in the outdoors. WHO establishes Global Air Quality Guidelines (AQG) based on scientific evidence of health risks. It sets limits for pollutants…
