14-June-2025 Daily Answer Writing

Q1) Examine the challenges in implementing India’s net-zero carbon emission targets by 2070.
(GS Paper 3 – Environment – 15 Marks, 250 Words)

Answer:

India’s commitment to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2070, announced at COP26 in Glasgow, marks a significant step in global climate leadership. However, its implementation is fraught with multidimensional challenges.

1. Economic Development vs. Emission Reduction:
India’s development needs, including industrial growth and poverty alleviation, are heavily energy-dependent. Balancing these with decarbonization goals poses a policy dilemma.

2. Dependence on Coal and Fossil Fuels:
India still relies on coal for over 50% of its power. Transitioning away from fossil fuels demands large investments in renewable energy, affecting employment and regional economies in coal-dependent areas.

3. Technology and Infrastructure Constraints:
Limited indigenous capacity in green hydrogen, carbon capture, and battery storage delays progress. India also lacks a smart grid system essential for renewable integration.

4. Financial Barriers:
The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates India needs over $1 trillion in clean energy investment by 2040. Mobilizing this, especially in rural areas, is a serious hurdle.

5. Policy Coherence and Implementation Gaps:
Multiple agencies handle environmental policy, creating fragmentation.

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