Q1) The reduction in snow levels across the Hindu Kush Himalaya region is increasingly alarming, with significant implications for water and climate security. Discuss the effects of diminishing snow cover on water availability and biodiversity. Propose adaptation measures to address these challenges. Answer: The Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region, often referred to as the “Third…
1. On Terror, We Can’t Hit Pause (Source – Page 6, The Indian Express Editorial) Topic: (Relevant GS Paper: GS2, GS3) Context The terrorist attack in Pahalgam on April 22, 2025, has escalated tensions between India and Pakistan. In response, PM Modi has vowed to take firm action by identifying, tracking, and punishing terrorists and…
1. Global Disruption and Leader-led Changes: A Shifting World Order (Source – Page 6, The Hindu International Edition) Topic: (Relevant GS Paper: GS2, GS3) Context The global landscape is experiencing significant instability due to shifts in power dynamics, disruptive technologies, and geopolitical tensions. Various influential leaders, including Xi Jinping, Putin, Trump, and Zelensky, are contributing…
1. Cabinet Decides to Include Caste Count in Next Census Source: Page 1, The Hindu International Edition (May 01, 2025) Topic: GS2 – Governance, Polity, Social Justice Context The Union Cabinet has made a significant decision to include caste enumeration in the next Census, marking the first such inclusion since pre-Independence India. This decision comes…
1. Prime Minister attends the Civil Investiture Ceremony-I. (Source – PIB (Press Information Bureau), April 30, 2025) Topic: GS Paper 3 – Infrastructure | Economic Development | Logistics Sector | Public-Private Partnerships. Context As part of the PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan, the Multi Modal Logistics Park (MMLP) at Nagpur (Sindi, near Wardha) has…
1. The General’s Gamble (Source – Indian Express, Section – The Editorial Page – Page No. – 08) Topic: GS2 – International Relations – India and it’s neighbourhood Context India is preparing a strategic response to a Pakistan-backed terror attack in Pahalgam, allegedly orchestrated under the direction of General Asim Munir. Sun Tzu’s Wisdom and…
Q1) Federal governance is characterised by institutionalized arrangements for solving problems generated by pluralism based on consultation and mutual consent. How have Zonal Councils evolved from merely advisory bodies to proactive platforms for action? (250 words, 15 marks) ANSWER Federal governance is characterized by institutionalized arrangements that address the challenges posed by pluralism through consultation…
1. The optics of darker when wet. (Source – Page 7, The Hindu International Edition) Topic: GS Paper 3 – Science and Technology | Prelims – Basic Science Applications (Physics, Optics). Context The article explains a common phenomenon—why clothes or materials appear darker when wet—using the principles of light reflection, scattering, and absorption. It’s relevant…
1. U.S. puts India back on IPR watch list. (Source – Page 12, The Hindu International Edition (April 30, 2025) Topic: GS Paper 2 – International Relations, GS Paper 3 – Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), Economy. Context The United States Trade Representative (USTR) has re-included India in its “Priority Watch List” under the Special 301…
